family

Open Access Article

1 - Power Structure and Its Relation to Family Instability (National study in Iranian society)
forozandeh jafarzadehpour

The structure of power in the family is an important issue that affects the stability of the family. In recent decades, various changes have taken place at different national levels and also within the Iranian family, which has left an impact on family stability. The ma More

The structure of power in the family is an important issue that affects the stability of the family. In recent decades, various changes have taken place at different national levels and also within the Iranian family, which has left an impact on family stability. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between power structure and its relationship with family instability in Iran. This study has investigated the relationship between two variables using the secondary analysis method of 3819 married people in the National Family Survey data. The structure of power in three indicators of power construction, freedom of action and exercise of power, the method of exercising power with relevant sub-indicators and family instability in three indicators at the levels of action (marital conflict, and violence) and attitude (attitude to divorce) were studied under sub-indicators. Findings show that while the overall power structure in the Iranian family is significantly symmetrical, some indicators of power such as freedom of action and the exercise of power and methods of exercising power have significant effects on marital conflict, violence and divorce attitudes and increase family instability. In order to reduce divorce and increase family stability, it is necessary to allocate various programs and services, including counseling, etc., to families with more marital conflicts and families where more violence is reported. Men and women also have different attitudes toward the power structure and attitudes toward the consequences of divorce, and women are more tolerant of the consequences of divorce. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Investigating the Role of Family Factors in Suicide Attempt (Case Study: Women in Abdanan)
Mojtaba Shafieinejad Akbar Zare Shahabadi Zahra Mohammadi Elnaz Azadvari

The phenomenon of suicide attempts is one of the most important socio-psychological harms growing worldwide, accounting for 1.4% of all deaths worldwide. The aim of this study is to discover family factors in suicide attempt which has been done by qualitative methodolog More

The phenomenon of suicide attempts is one of the most important socio-psychological harms growing worldwide, accounting for 1.4% of all deaths worldwide. The aim of this study is to discover family factors in suicide attempt which has been done by qualitative methodology and using the method of Grounded Theory. For this purpose, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 women from Abdanan city whom suicide attempt and were selected by theoretical sampling method for more than one year. Nine main categories and one core category were extracted through the data coding system: strained family, family relationship inefficiency, Delinquent family, moral deviance of spouse, Divorced family, forced marriage, avoidance of unfavorable family atmosphere with marriage, marital disputes, experience of rejection and deliberate avoidance. Also, "Family Challenges - Significant Suicides" was selected as the core category, and finally a paradigm model derived from the data was set up. The findings indicated that family factors and family living conditions played an important role in the prevalence of suicide among women attempting suicide. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - The AbortionDue to the Mother's Hardship, in the "Family and Youth of the Population's Protection" Act
Sadegh Shariati Nasab

For the first time, by the single article (Act) of the "Therapeutic Abortion Act" approved in 2005, abortion was conditionally prescribed due to "fetal disease which causes Hardship to the mother, due to fetal retardation or deformation". With the approval of the "Famil More

For the first time, by the single article (Act) of the "Therapeutic Abortion Act" approved in 2005, abortion was conditionally prescribed due to "fetal disease which causes Hardship to the mother, due to fetal retardation or deformation". With the approval of the "Family and Youth of the Population's Protection Act" in 2021 and the abrogation of that single article, Hardship-based abortion, has been released from merely fetal disease or defect, and generally has been expanded to "severe unbearable Hardship for the mother". This change is considered a big leap in Iran's legislation and needs to be analyzed and investigated. The purpose of this article is to analyze and explain the conditions, criteria, effects, and efficiency of Hardship-based abortion in the new law. Its method is Descriptive and Analytical. It seems that: 1. Limiting abortion to fetal disease or defects is not logically justified. 2. In some cases, the social and psychological (not physical) Hardship caused by pregnancy, is much more severe and impactful than the fetal diseases. 3. Every dissatisfaction and excuse cannot be considered as a case for a mother's Hardship; rather, the definition, criteria, and examples for Hardship, must be carefully explained. 4. The special procedure in the new Act, guarantees a thorough and comprehensive proceeding to each case. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - The sociologically study of the Cohabitation in Tehran City
Masoumeh Motlaq mahdieh ghoreishi

The purpose of this research is the sociologically study of cohabitation phenomenon in Tehran city. In recent years, family institution has experienced many changes which one of them is known cohabitation as a new emerging style of common life. According to nature and s More

The purpose of this research is the sociologically study of cohabitation phenomenon in Tehran city. In recent years, family institution has experienced many changes which one of them is known cohabitation as a new emerging style of common life. According to nature and subject qualitative research is considered and a purposeful method of sampling and snowball sampling are applied for achieving to theoretical saturation; therefore, in this research 60 person of that experienced cohabitation in 17th Area of Tehran were interviewed. The analyzing of data is based on grounded theory method. The impact factors in the phenomenon of cohabitation can be classified in three categories. The findings show that the following factors have the most impact, including; economic factors (unemployment, lack of job security, costs of marriage) legal factors (the responsibility of marriage, unfair contract between partners and so on) social factors (social changes, generation oppositions, sexual abnormalities and the increasing of conflicts in the society). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Changes in the Family in Contemporary Iran Emphasis on Marriage and Divorce
shahla kazemipuor

The institution of the family in Iran has faced important changes during the last few decades, such as a transition from extended family to a nuclear family, an increase in marriage age, a decrease in the marriage rate, an increase in absolute celibacy, a change in crit More

The institution of the family in Iran has faced important changes during the last few decades, such as a transition from extended family to a nuclear family, an increase in marriage age, a decrease in the marriage rate, an increase in absolute celibacy, a change in criteria for choosing a spouse and increase in divorce. The purpose of this study is to present a picture of the evolution of the family and introduce theoretical approaches with an emphasis on the state of marriage and divorce. To explain the evolution of the family, three theoretical approaches have been used, "modernization theory", "second demographic transition theory" and "postmodern theory". In this study, two methods of "documentary" and "secondary analysis" were used. First, the topics related to the background, literature and research theories have been used from available scientific sources. And then, by referring to the data of the results of the censuses, the civil registration organization and the national survey report, the developments of marriage and divorce have been explained. The results showed that during the last four decades, the share of extended families has decreased and the net marriage rate has decreased, the average age of marriage and divorce rates have increased, and the criteria and methods of choosing a spouse and the attitude towards divorce have changed from traditional dimensions to modern ones. To make policies to increase the marriage rate, reduce the age of marriage and reduce the divorce rate, because the causes of most of the changes that have emerged are socio-cultural, it is suggested that instead of providing loans and facilities for marriage or issuing a directive to reduce divorce,special measures should be takenin the field of cultural issues and to change the lifestyle components in the country. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Pathology of Erotic Marriage (Case Study: Women Applying for Divorce in Tehran City)
Sara Tahmanesh bagher sarokhani Akbar Tahmanesh

Erotic courtship and marriage as a type of mate selection increasing due to social changes and change in family functions. In this type of mate selection attention focused on body and physical capital and accordingly spouses enter to marriage market. Statistical data in More

Erotic courtship and marriage as a type of mate selection increasing due to social changes and change in family functions. In this type of mate selection attention focused on body and physical capital and accordingly spouses enter to marriage market. Statistical data indicates parents’ role decrease in mate selection processes. It seems that socio- cultural changes and diffusion of new marriage patterns, as well as individualism caused such variation. The main objective of present article is to pathology of erotic courtship and marriage on family instability with emphasis on socio- cultural elements. The structural functionalism theory, Gidden’s pure relationship and modernization theory explain the theoretical model of research. Survey method applied for data collection. A sample of 180 female divorce applicants whom had erotic mate selection referring to Family Judicial Complex No. 2 in Tehran in the fourth quarter of the year 1400 (2021-2022) interviewed. Finding indicate 86% of respondents, realized that they could not continue it as soon as first three years of common life. 41.7% without consulting parents or any other person and based on individual decision get married. The findings show that the most important factors of family instability are nature of erotic marriage along with increasing individualism and decreasing parental authority as well as modernity. It seems that with the continuation of social and individual changes, Iranian society will face an increase in family instability in the future. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Factors Related To the Tendency of Young People to Be Single (Case Study: Hamadan Province)
Saeed KiyanPour Amirali Farhang Mohsen Hajian

According to social science researchers, the family is the smallest and most important social institution, and marriage is the basis of the family and a desirable and Islamic obligation. There are theories that indicate the desire to marry among young people is influenc More

According to social science researchers, the family is the smallest and most important social institution, and marriage is the basis of the family and a desirable and Islamic obligation. There are theories that indicate the desire to marry among young people is influenced by economic, social and political factors. The tendency ot marry in the country is considered as one of the important issues and changes in tendency to marry in Hamadan province as one of the provinces of the country were investigated. This research was conducted among the 18-35-year-old youth of Hamadan province in year 2023, and 388 of them were selected for the study using Cochran formula. The collected data were analyzed using Spss software. Results of the research for the tendency to marry indicate that there is a significant relationship between variables such as attachment to parents, individuality in choosing a spouse, idealistic expectations from marriage, having financial resources, believing in the cost- benefit of marriage, socializing with the opposite sex. and there is no connection with the acceptance of gender equality. Finally, the regression results show that the five variables of attachment to parents, idealistic expectation of marriage, having financial resources, belief in the cost-opportunity of marriage, socializing with the opposite sex can account for 60.6% of the variance of the dependent variable (tendency to marriage). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - An Exploration of the Lived Experiences of Childbearing of the Couples and the Factors Affecting them in Lorestan Province
gholamreza Tajbakhsg

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An Exploration of the Lived Experiences of Childbearing of the Couples and the Factors Affecting them in Lorestan Province       Gholamreza Tajbakhsh<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a>       Introduction   Fertility as a social reality is influenced by environmental, social, political, economic, and cultural factors at the macro level. At the micro level, it is affected by the thoughts, motivations, and tendencies of people. Fundamental changes have been made in the structure and characteristics of the Iranian family in various dimensions. The decrease in fertility levels, the transition from extended families to nuclear families, and the resulting decrease in the number of children have been significant experiences for Iranian families. This change is tangible, as the fertility rate of the whole country has dropped from 2.07 in 2016 to 1.6 in 2022, which can be considered as under replacement fertility level. Currently, most provinces of the country, including Lorestan province, have low fertility rates below the replacement level (Statistical Yearbook of the Civil Registration Organization, 2023: 115).   According to the latest statistics from the National Statistics Center of Iran, the population of Lorestan province is 1,805,215 people. In Lorestan province, 8% of the population are children, 21% are teenagers, 17.5% are young people, 43% are middle-aged people, and 10.5% are elderly. Accordingly, 8% of the population of children cannot replace 10.5% of the province's elderly. In the next thirty years, more than 43% of the province's population will be elderly and not productive, leading to an aging province. In 2022, 15,211 marriages were recorded in Lorestan, which decreased to 14,612 last years. Additionally, in 2021, 4,215 cases of divorce were recorded in the province, and this figure decreased to 3,963, a seven percent decline last year (Iran Statistics Center, 2023).   Considering the above statistics and the trend of decreasing young population and increasing aging in this province, it is very necessary to address an important issue such as population rejuvenation. The population can affect the micro and macro structures of this province and society at both the individual and social levels. The lively presence of the young generation in this province can contribute to the dynamism and growth of its development through proper macro-cultural planning.   There are a few studies on the issue in Lorestan province, and due to the decrease in childbearing in this province, it is necessary to address this important issue. Therefore, the main objective of the current research is the sociological investigation of the tendency to have children and factors related to it in Lorestan province. According to the nature of the research problem and the mentioned goals, some basic questions will be investigated in this research. The questions of this research are as follows:   1. What factors affect the issue of childbearing in Lorestan province families?   2. What are the views of couples on the issue of having children and the challenges ahead?   3. What solutions can be offered to increase childbearing in Lorestan province?       Methodology   According to the nature of the research problem, a qualitative method was used to examine the issue, focusing on the study of childbearing contexts. A "semi structured interview" was employed for this method. The criteria for participation were limited to couples who were married and had started their life together; some had children, while others yet not had children. Samples were found in various public spaces, such as parks and recreational places, mosques, sports facilities, stores, and sanitary centers. Each interview lasted approximately 60 minutes.   The statistical population of this research included couples living in the cities of Lorestan province who were interviewed. In this qualitative method, sampling was purposeful and theoretical. According to object, sampling being continued until "theoretical saturation." Based on theoretical saturation, 31 married people were interviewed.   "Thematic" analysis and "coding" techniques were used to analyze the findings from the interviews. The findings were identified in three main categories. The first category refers to the semantic units that the interviewees discussed concretely and with examples. The second category is common themes, a more complex level than the first, where the related codes are presented in a specific and meaningful category. Finally, the main themes related to each category refer to the primary and fundamental factors affecting the category under investigation in the research.       Findings   The findings of the research, classified in eleven main themes: ideal familism, psychological and individual factors, cultural, social, economic, and political changes, attitudes and beliefs, sexual and family issues, inter-spousal relations, and epistemological perspectives on life. A healthy social, economic, and cultural condition, along with creating a sense of satisfaction and security in society, significantly affects couples' desire to have children. It is important to note that the selected subjects come from different social classes, have varying levels of education, and hold different views on the issue of having children. The married life of these couples is mostly more than five years, and the number of their children is fewer than two.       Conclusion   The current research sought to investigate the tendency to have children in Lorestan province and identify the factors affecting it. To better explain the research problem and examine the lived experiences of couples in the field of childbearing, a qualitative method was applied to capture their genuine experiences on this issue. The results of this research showed that various factors, such as economic, political, cultural, social, sexual, epistemic, inter-marital, and family relations, influence couples' views on having children. Undoubtedly, childbearing is a pressing issue in Iranian society and is a focal point of the current government's policies. Lorestan province is also among the regions affected by these policies. Given that Iranian society and the country's population are generally moving towards old age, it is crucial to address this issue. However, the platforms supporting childbearing should also be seriously included in the officials' agenda. It should not be forgotten that Lorestan province is one of the five most deprived provinces in the country and requires more attention in various cultural, political, and economic fields.   As the results of this research showed, significant and deeply rooted factors influence couples' desire to have children in Lorestan province. Cultural, economic, political, medical, and social conditions, among others, should receive more attention from both the public and officials. Additionally, due to Lorestan province's economic and political situation within the country, it should be noted that in order to succeed population policies, there must be a fundamental review and written planning to address economic, cultural, political, and health infrastructures. Without this, even with an increase in population and couples' desire to have children, the problems will not be solved. In a political perspective of several years, the situation in this province could become critical due to its disadvantaged position.   <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Ayatollah Aozama <a name="_Hlk175655012"></a>Boroujerdi University, Boroujerd, Iran.  tajbakhsh@abru.ac.ir </div> </div>   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Sociological Analysis of the Cultural Components of Marriage in Persian Tweets
zahra sheikh Bagher saroukhani khadijeh zolghadr

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Sociological Analysis of the Cultural   Components of Marriage in Persian Tweets       Zahra Sheikh<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a>   Baqer Sarukhani<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a>    Khadija Zulqadr<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">***</a>   Introduction   Marriage is a fundamental institution in both the family and the broader social structure, evolving over time. Understanding this area is crucial for policymakers to grasp societal attitudes, perspectives, and to plan effectively based on societal conditions. The aim of this research was to extract and analyze attitudes and demands regarding the cultural component of "marriage." This component encompasses attitudes, values, and mental priorities of individuals concerning marriage. The research utilized a qualitative content analysis method, focusing on Persian-speaking users of the X social network and employing a comprehensive sampling method to analyze tweets related to marriage from September 2021 till March 2022.       Methodology   The research employed hermeneutic content analysis. Hermeneutic content analysis is typically used to describe phenomena when existing theories or literature are limited. This approach avoids preconceived concepts, allowing new concepts to emerge from the data. Researchers immerse themselves in the data to gain novel insights, a process known as "inductive concept formation." Data analysis begins with repeated readings to achieve a comprehensive understanding. The researchers’ initiates analysis based on their perception of the text, continuing until patterns emerge. This process often results in identifying patterns from the text and categorizing them based on similarities and differences.   In the pilot study, 150 keywords were manually extracted from 600 tweets related to marriage. Using machine learning, approximately 1,800 relevant tweets were identified. After an initial cleaning stage, each tweet was reviewed, and those suitable for analysis were retained, while the rest were discarded. Ultimately, 919 tweets remained for analysis. In the second stage, each tweet was summarized in one word, and these summaries were grouped into categories with key concepts (subtopics) identified. In the third step, related subtopics were analyzed and combined to extract themes. This process was repeated throughout the research. Four main themes were identified: individualism (341 tweets), life skills (211 tweets), economy (197 tweets), and tradition (170 tweets).       Findings   The analysis revealed that Persian-speaking users of X social network discussed a range of topics related to marriage, including individual rights, fluid relationships, independence, communication skills, self-awareness skills, spousal participation, unemployment, the social value of wealth, economic problems, women's rights, family control, marriage customs, and women's rights.   The central theme of these discussions is relationships—what constitutes a desirable relationship and its qualities. The concept of relationships discussed extends beyond formal, registered marriages to include informal relationships, friendships, cohabitation, emotional and sexual partners, concubine (motteh), long-distance relationships, and virtual relationships. Four main themes emerged from the analysis: individualism, life skills, economy, and tradition.   “Individualism” emphasizes the value of the individual as a person with rights and opinions. Sub-themes of individualism and personal preservation were grouped under this broader theme. “Life skills” refer to psychological and social abilities that enable individuals to manage themselves effectively, including communication skills, self-awareness skills, and spousal participation.   The “economy” theme highlighted concerns such as inflation, unemployment, and future uncertainties as inhibiting factors for marriage. Economic attitudes toward marriage reflect a desire for wealth acquisition through clever and inexpensive means, aligning with consumer capitalism. “Tradition” involves societal customs, norms, and restrictions regarding marriage, including family control, marriage customs, and women's rights. The main criticism is that traditions limit individual freedom and personal opinions. While individuality and personal choice are highly valued today, past customs are not widely accepted by newer generations who advocate for equal rights and responsibilities based on personal views rather than traditional norms.       Conclusion   The discourse on marriage on social network X aligns with Bauman's theory of liquid relationships and Saroukhani's theory of personalization. Liquid relationships refer to short-term, non-committal relationships outside the framework of formal marriage, where commitment is minimal. Analysis of tweet content shows that preserving individuality and the power of choice are top priorities for users. They make decisions based on personal preferences and circumstances, free from overarching narratives. However, these liquid relationships may lead to psychological insecurity and intensified individualism, potentially alienating the family from its emotional and generational functions as a social institution, thereby endangering societal health.     <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> PhD Student in Cultural Sociology, Tehran <a name="_Hlk175653928"></a>Science & Research Unit, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Sheikh.zahra84@gmail.com </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">**</a> Corresponding Author: Professor of Sociology Department, Tehran Science & Research Unit, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. b.saroukhani@yahoo.com </div> <div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">***</a> Assistant Professor, Department of Women's Studies, Tehran Science & Research Unit, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. kzolghadr@srbiau.ac.ir </div> </div>   Manuscript profile

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