واکاوی عوامل مؤثر بر خشونت روانی زناشویی علیه زنان بر اساس تجربه¬های مشاوران خانواده و روانشناسان شهر بجستان
محورهای موضوعی : مسائل اجتماعی و آسیبهای مرتبط با زنان و خانواده
محمدعلی طالبی
1
*
,
راضیه شیبانی بجستان
2
1 - استادیار گروه جامعهشناسی دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه پیام نور تهران، ایران
2 - دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد روانسنجی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گناباد، تهران، ایران
کلید واژه: خشونت روانی, زنان, خانواده, مشاوران خانواده و روانشناسان.,
چکیده مقاله :
خشونت روانی علیه زنان در خانواده، پدیدهای پیچیده است که سلامت روان و جایگاه اجتماعی زنان را تهدید میکند. این پژوهش کیفی با رویکرد پدیدارشناسی و مصاحبههای نیمهساختاریافته با بیست مشاور و روانشناس در ایران انجام شد و با نرمافزار MAXQDA ، ۱۰۲۴ کد استخراج گردید. یافتهها نشان داد که خشونت روانی شامل تحقیر کلامی، کنترلگری رفتاری، طرد عاطفی، تهدیدهای غیر مستقیم و خشونت روانی دیجیتال است. عوامل مؤثر شامل ویژگیهای فردی (ناامنی عاطفی مرتکبان و وابستگی مالی قربانیان)، عوامل خانوادگی (نابرابری قدرت و نبود گفتوگوی سالم) و نگرشهای اجتماعی (باورهای مردسالارانه و عادیسازی خشونت) بود. پیامدها شامل افسردگی، اضطراب، کاهش عزتنفس، اختلال استرس پس از سانحه، انزوای اجتماعی و قطع روابط خانوادگی است. راهکارها شامل آموزش مهارتهای ارتباطی، حمایتهای اجتماعی و قانونی، مداخلات درمانی مانند CBT و استفاده از فناوری برای پیشگیری و حمایت بود. پژوهش بر لزوم رویکردهای جامع و توسعۀ برنامههای آموزشی، قوانین حمایتی و پلتفرمهای آنلاین برای خروج زنان از چرخه خشونت تأکید میکند.
Analyze the Factors affecting Marital Psychological Violence Against Women Based on the Experiences of Family Counselors and Psychologists
in Bajestan City
Raziyeh Sheibani BajestanBottom of Form
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Psychological violence against women within the family is a complex phenomenon that threatens women’s mental health and social status. This qualitative study was conducted using a phenomenological approach and semi-structured interviews with twenty counselors and psychologists in Bajestan City, and 1,024 codes were extracted using MAXQDA software (version 2022). The findings showed that psychological violence includes verbal humiliation, behavioral control, emotional neglect, indirect threats, and digital psychological violence. Influencing factors included individual characteristics (emotional insecurity of perpetrators and financial dependency of victims), family factors (power inequality and lack of healthy dialogue), and social attitudes (patriarchal beliefs and the normalization of violence). The consequences included depression, anxiety, reduced self-esteem, post-traumatic stress disorder, social isolation, and the severance of family relationships. The proposed solutions included communication skills training, social and legal support, therapeutic interventions such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and the use of technology for prevention and support. The study emphasizes the need for comprehensive approaches and the development of educational programs, supportive laws, and online platforms to help women exit the cycle of violence.
Keywords: Psychological Violence; Women; Family; Family Counselors; Psychologists.
Objectives
Psychological violence against women within the family is one of the most significant and yet most hidden forms of domestic violence, with profound and long-lasting effects on women’s mental health, social functioning, and quality of life (Bashiri & Kouhi, 2017). Throughout human history, violence has been a persistent social phenomenon embedded in structures of domination, coercion, and inequality, often normalized within everyday social relations (Azzazi, 2003). In this context, the family—despite being the most fundamental and enduring social institution—can also become a setting for the reproduction of violence and unequal power relations (Saroukhani, 2007). Psychological violence differs from physical violence in that it is less visible and often goes unrecognized as violence, both by victims and by society. Behaviors such as humiliation, emotional neglect, threats, excessive control, and violation of personal boundaries may be perceived as normal or acceptable within marital relationships, particularly in patriarchal and traditional cultural contexts (Kazemi & Ghasemi, 2023). In many developing societies, psychological violence against women is frequently ignored or underestimated, despite its deep and damaging consequences for women’s psychological well-being and family relationships (Bashiri & Kouhi, 2017). Cultural, social, and structural factors play a crucial role in the emergence and persistence of psychological violence. Patriarchal beliefs, gender stereotypes, and unequal power relations within the family legitimize male dominance and contribute to the normalization of emotional abuse against women. Moreover, variations in cultural, social, economic, and educational contexts place women at increased risk of psychological violence, which not only harms their mental health but also negatively affects family stability and children’s well-being. Despite the prevalence and severity of psychological violence, many women remain trapped in cycles of abuse due to fear of social stigma, lack of legal and social support, feelings of guilt, and financial dependency on their spouses (Kazemi & Ghasemi, 2023). In such contexts, victims are often blamed for the violence they experience, while perpetrators are absolved of responsibility, further reinforcing structural inequality and silence surrounding psychological violence. Given the widespread nature of psychological violence and its serious psychological and social consequences, there is a clear need for in-depth qualitative research to identify the factors underlying this phenomenon. Accordingly, the main objective of this study is to identify and analyze the factors influencing psychological marital violence against women based on the lived experiences of family counselors and psychologists in Bajestan city, with the aim of contributing to culturally informed prevention and intervention strategies.
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Methods
This study employed a qualitative research design using a phenomenological approach in order to explore the factors influencing psychological violence against women within the family. The phenomenological method was selected because it enables an in-depth understanding of individuals’ lived experiences and the meanings they attribute to social phenomena, particularly hidden and complex forms of violence such as psychological abuse. The research population consisted of family counselors and psychologists in Iran who had direct professional experience in working with women exposed to psychological violence. Participants were selected through purposive sampling, with the inclusion criterion of having at least three years of professional experience in counseling or psychological services related to family and domestic violence. Sampling continued until theoretical saturation was achieved, at which point no new conceptual information emerged from the interviews. In total, twenty counselors and psychologists participated in the study. Data were collected through semi-structured, in-depth interviews, which allowed participants to freely express their professional experiences and observations while providing the researcher with sufficient flexibility to explore emerging themes. The interview questions focused on the forms of psychological violence against women, cultural and social factors contributing to its occurrence and persistence, and the perceived consequences and coping strategies related to this type of violence. All interviews were conducted with participants’ informed consent, audio-recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Data analysis was carried out simultaneously with data collection using MAXQDA software (version 2022). The analytical process involved open coding to identify initial meaning units, followed by axial coding to organize codes into related categories and broader themes. Through this process, a total of 1,024 initial codes were extracted and systematically categorized into main themes and subthemes reflecting individual, familial, and sociocultural dimensions of psychological violence. To ensure the credibility and trustworthiness of the findings, several strategies were employed, including continuous comparison of data, peer review of the coding process, and validation of the extracted themes by experts in the fields of sociology, psychology, and family counseling. These procedures enhanced the rigid of the qualitative analysis and strengthened the reliability of the study’s results.
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Results
The analysis of the interview data resulted in the extraction of 1,024 initial codes, which were organized through open and axial coding into several interconnected themes. The findings indicated that psychological violence against women within the family manifests in diverse and overlapping forms. These forms included verbal humiliation, behavioral control, emotional neglect, indirect threats, and digital psychological violence. In addition, participants emphasized the increasing prevalence of digital psychological violence, including monitoring mobile phones, controlling social media interactions, and using digital technologies to exert continuous psychological pressure on women. The findings further revealed that psychological violence is influenced by a combination of individual, family, and sociocultural factors. Participants reported that women with limited economic independence were more vulnerable to continued exposure to psychological violence. The absence of healthy and constructive dialogue between spouses led to unresolved conflicts. In addition, interference from extended family members, particularly the husband’s family, weakened women’s positions within the family and exacerbated psychological abuse. At the sociocultural level, patriarchal norms, gender stereotypes, and the normalization of psychological violence were identified as influential factors. Cultural beliefs that legitimize male authority and expect female obedience contributed to the justification and invisibility of psychological violence. Participants noted that such cultural norms often prevent women from recognizing their experiences as violence and discourage them from seeking help. The consequences of psychological violence were found to be extensive and severe. These consequences often reinforced women’s dependency and further trapped them in a cycle of psychological violence.
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Conclusion
The findings of this study indicate that psychological violence against women is a complex, multidimensional, and structural phenomenon that is deeply rooted in unequal power relations within the family, patriarchal cultural norms, and gendered processes of socialization. The study demonstrates that psychological violence gradually erodes women’s mental health, self-esteem, emotional security, and social participation. These consequences not only affect women individually but also undermine family stability and social cohesion. The results further emphasize that effective responses to psychological violence require comprehensive and multi-level strategies. Educational interventions aimed at improving communication skills, increasing awareness of psychological violence, and challenging patriarchal beliefs are essential at both individual and community levels. In addition, strengthening social and legal support systems, expanding access to counseling and mental health services, and developing culturally sensitive policies are necessary to protect women and reduce the normalization of violence. Overall, the findings underscore the need for culturally informed, interdisciplinary approaches to break the cycle of psychological violence against women and promote mental health, gender equity, and family well-being.
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Reference
Akhmedshina, f. (2020) violence against women: a form of discrimination and human rights violations. mental enlightenment scientific-methodological journal, (1): 13-23.
Amiri Fard, Z, et al. (2024) "Modeling Domestic Violence Based on Stress Factors and Coping Strategies with the Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation Difficulties in Women Victims of Domestic Abuse from a Cultural Perspective," Cultural Psychology of Women, Volume 15, Issue 60, pp. 51-69.
Bashiri, Y & Kouhi, Sh (2017) "Investigation of Social and Cultural Factors Influencing Psychological Violence Against Women (Case Study: The City of Sanandaj)," International Conference on Culture, Psychological Pathology, and Education, Tehran, Alzahra University.
Cepeda, I., Lacalle-Calderon, M., & Torralba, M. (2022) Measuring violence against women: a global index. Journal of interpersonal violence, 37(19-20), NP18614-NP18638.
Gholamloo, J& Sokouti Aliabadi, S. (2019). "Domestic Violence Against Women: A Comparative Study of Brother-Dominated and Sister-Dominated Traditions from Legal and Cultural Perspectives." Comparative Legal Studies, 10(2), 569-596. doi:10.22059/jcl.2019.276138.633800.
If you need any further assistance or adjustments, feel free to ask.
Kazemi, Z& Ghasemi, Q. (2023). "Social Factors Influencing Domestic Violence Against Women (Case Study of Karaj County)." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Research, 11(21), 131-163. doi:10.22034/jclc.2022.329765.1653.
Kelmendi, K. (2015) Domestic violence against women in Kosovo: A qualitative study of women's experiences. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(4), 680–702.
Khodaei, A&Rahimi, R. (2023). "Domestic Violence Against Women as Victims of Violence Based on an Attachment Theory Approach." Women’s Social-Psychological Studies, 21(3), 116-134. doi:10.22051/jwsps.2023.42367.2702.
Lutwak, N. (2024). The psychology of health and illness: The mental health and physiological effects of intimate partner violence on women. In The Psychology of Health and Illness (pp. 105-119). Routledge.
Mirzai, E. (2020) "Sociological Study of the Level of Violence Against Women in Families and the Influencing Factors (Case Study: The City of Kermanshah)," Journal of Women and Society, Volume 11, Issue 43, pp. 279-322.
Mohammadi Jorokoyeh, A. (2023). "Factors of Violence in the Family from the Perspective of the Quran." Quarterly Journal of Legal Civilization, 6(14), 27-42. doi:10.22034/lc.2023.170805.
Mojahed, A., Alaidarous, N., Shabta, H., Hegewald, J., & Garthus-Niegel, S. (2022) Intimate partner violence against women in the Arab countries: a systematic review of risk factors. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 23(2), 390-407.
Moravat, B. (2019) "The Role of Social Contexts and Processes in the Identity and Identity Formation of Children (Family, School, Peers, Society, etc.)," Second National Conference on the Identity of Children in Islamic Iran in the Pre-School Period, Qazvin Education and Training.
Navarro-Mantas, L., Velásquez, M. J., Lemus, S. D., & Megías, J. L. (2021) Prevalence and sociodemographic predictors of intimate partner violence against women in El Salvador. Journal of interpersonal violence, 36(7-8), NP3547-NP3573.
Rollero, C., Bergagna, E., & Tartaglia, S. (2021) What is violence? The role of sexism and social dominance orientation in recognizing violence against women. Journal of interpersonal violence, 36(21-22), NP11349-NP11366.
Ross, A. (1994) Personality Psychology, translated by Siavash Jamalfar, Tehran, Markaz Publications.
Sharbatian, M, H, Danesh, P, & Tavafi, P. (2017). "Sociological Analysis of Domestic Violence Against Women and Its Relationship with Home Security Feelings (Case Study: Women Aged 18-54 in the City of Miyaneh)." Strategic Researches in Social Issues, 6(1), 47-72. doi:10.22108/ssoss.2017.21280.
Shirali, I. (2021). "Understanding and Interpreting Women’s Perspectives on Domestic Violence and Its Multidimensional Aspects from a Phenomenological Approach (Case Study: Women at Risk of Divorce Visiting the Family Court of Shahid Bahonar Judicial Complex in Tehran)." Women’s Research Journal, 12(38), 107-136. doi:10.30465/ws.2020.29219.2900.
Stewart, S. H., & Passarotti, A. M. (2024) Sexual abuse and women's mental health. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1491803.
Tavassoli, A & Big Mohammad Balangi, N. (2023). "Investigating Social Factors Influencing the Occurrence of Domestic Violence Against Women in Urmia County." Social-Economic Development Studies, 1(2), 243-262. doi:10.22051/ijosed.2024.46774.1037.
Turkcu, S. G., Uludag, E., Sercekus, P., & Ozkan, S. (2024) Psychological Violence Against Women by their Spouse as Predictive Factors for Anxiety Levels of Women during COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown. International Journal of Caring
World Health Organization. (2018a) WHO: Addressing violence against women: Key achievements and priorities. Retrieved from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/275982
World Health Organization. (2018b) Violence against Women Prevalence Estimates, 2018. Retrieved from Geneva: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/341604/WHO-SRH- 21.6-eng.pdf.
Zamani-Moghadam, M and Hasanvandi, S (2019) "Qualitative Study of Domestic Violence Against Housewife Women in Khorramabad," Journal of Woman and Society, Volume 10, Issue 39, pp. 145-170.
*Corresponding Author: Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran.
https://orcid.org/0000000168222046
** M.A in Psychometrics, Faculty of Social Sciences and Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Gonabad Branch, Gonabad, Iran.
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9007-6067
اعزازی، شهلا (1383) «ساختار جامعه و خشونت علیه زنان»، رفاه اجتماعی، سال چهارم، شماره 14 (سلامت روان در ایران))، صص 47-84.
--------- (۱۳۸۰) خشونت خانوادگی یا زنان کتکخورده، تهران، سالی.
امیری فرد، زهرا و دیگران (1403) «مدلیابی خشونت خانگی بر اساس عوامل استرسزا و راهبردهای مقابلهای با نقش میانجی دشواری تنظیم هیجان در زنان قربانی همسرآزاری از منظر فرهنگی»، روانشناسی فرهنگی زن، سال پانزدهم، شماره 60، صص 51-69.
بستان، حسین (۱۳۸۲) «کارکردهای خانواده از منظر اسلام و فمینیسم»، مجموعه مقالات حوزه و دانشگاه، سال نهم، شماره ۳۵، صص 1-۲۰.
بشیری، یاسر و شیوا کوهی (1396) «بررسی عوامل اجتماعی و فرهنگی مؤثر بر خشونت روانی علیه زنان (مطالعه موردی: شهر سنندج)، کنفرانس بینالمللی فرهنگ آسیبشناسی روانی و تربیت، تهران، دانشگاه الزهرا.
توسلی، افسانه و نشمیل بیگ محمد بالانجی (1402) «بررسی عوامل اجتماعی مؤثر در بروز خشونت خانگی علیه زنان در شهرستان ارومیه»، مطالعات توسعه اجتماعی - اقتصادی، ۱(۲)، صص 243-262.
doi:10.22051/ijosed.2024.46774.1037.
خدایی، علی و رضا رحیمی (1402) خشونت خانگی علیه زنان به عنوان قربانیان خشونت بر اساس رویکردی دلبستگی محور، مطالعات اجتماعی روان¬شناختی زنان، 21(3)، صص 116-134.
doi: 10.22051/jwsps.2023.42367.2702 .
شربتیان، محمدحسن و پروانه دانش و پویا طوافی (1396) تحلیل جامعهشناختی خشونت خانگی علیه زنان و رابطة آن با احساس امنیت در خانه (مطالعة موردی زنان 18- 54 سال شهر میانه). پژوهشهای راهبردی مسائل اجتماعی، 6(1)، صص 47-72.
doi:10.22108/ssoss.2017.21280.
شیرعلی، اسماعیل (1400) فهم و تفسیر زنان از خشونت خانوادگی و ابعاد چندگانه آن با رویکرد پدیدارشناسانه ونمانن (مطالعه موردی: زنان در معرض طلاق مراجعهکننده به دادگاه خانواده مجتمع قضائی شهید باهنر تهران)، پژوهشنامه زنان، 12(38)، صص 107-136.
Doi: 10.30465/ws.2020.29219.2900.
راس، آلن (۱۳۷۳) روانشناسی شخصیت، ترجمه سیاوش جمال¬فر، تهران، مرکز.
رئیسی، جمال (۱۳۸۲) «جوانان و ناهنجاریهای رفتاری»، فصلنامه علوم اجتماعی علامه طباطبایی، شماره ۲۱، صص 1-۱۵.
زمانیمقدم، مسعود و صبا حسنوندی (۱۳۹۸) «مطالعة کیفی خشونت خانگی علیه زنانِ خانهدار در شهر خرمآباد»، فصلنامه زن و جامعه، سال دهم، شماره ۳۹، صص ۱۴۵-۱۷۰.
ساروخانی، باقر (1386) مقدمهای بر جامعهشناسی خانواده، تهران، سروش.
ساعیارسی، ایرج و زهرا نیکنژاد (1391) «تحلیل جامعهشناختی خشونت علیه زنان»، پژوهشهای کاربردی در علوم رفتاری، شماره 3، صص 93-118.
سهرابزاده، مهران و فاطمه منصوریانراوندی (۱۳۹۶) «تجربة زیستة زنان از خشونت کلامی در خانواده (مطالعۀ موردی: زنان شهر کاشان)»، زن در فرهنگ و هنر، ۹(۲)، صص 245-۲۶۴.
doi:https://doi.org/10.22059/jwica.2017.234644.883.
شاهحسینی، فرشته (۱۳۷۳) «میزگرد خشونت: بحثی در علل و ابعاد»، جامعه سالم، شماره ۱۷، صص 1-۱۰.
عباسزاده، محمد و رضا حیدری (1392) سرمایه اجتماعی و سلامت روانی در بین زنان متأهل شهر تبریز، فصلنامه علمی مطالعات امنیت اجتماعی، ۴(۳۳)، صص 129-162.
غلاملو، جمشید و ساهره سکوتی علیآبادی (۱۳۹۸) «خشونت خانگی علیه زنان؛ مطالعۀ تطبیقی سنت زنبرادرستانی و خواهرزنستانی از منظر حقوق و فرهنگ»، مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی، 10(2)، صص 569-۵۹۶.
doi:10.22059/jcl.2019.276138.633800.
کاظمی، زهرا و قاسم قاسمی (1402) «عوامل اجتماعی مؤثر بر خشونت خانگی علیه زنان (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان کرج)»، پژوهشهای حقوق جزا و جرمشناسی، 11(21)، صص 131-163.
doi: 10.22034/jclc.2022.329765.1653.
محمدی جورکویه، علی (۱۴۰۲) «عوامل خشونت در خانواده از منظر قرآن»، فصلنامه تمدن حقوقی، ۶(۱۴)، صص 27-42.
Doi: 10.22034/lc.2023.170805.
محمدی، فائزه و رحمت میرزایی (۱۳۹۱) «بررسی عوامل اجتماعی مؤثر بر خشونت علیه زنان: مطالعه شهرستان روانسر»، مجله مطالعات اجتماعی ایران، سال ششم، شماره ۱، صص 101-129.
مروت، برزو (1397) «نقش بسترها و فرایندهای اجتماعی در هویت و فرایند هویتیابی کودکان (خانواده، مدرسه، همسالان، جامعه و...)»، دومین همایش ملی هویت کودکان ایران اسلامی در دوره پیشدبستانی، آموزشوپرورش قزوین.
میرخلیلی، سید محمود (1379) «خشونت و مجازات»، کتاب نقد، شماره 14 و 15، بهار و تابستان، صص 124-153.
میرزایی، ابراهیم و فائزه محمدی و معصومه موسیزاده (1399) «مطالعه جامعهشناختی میزان خشونت علیه زنان در خانواده و عوامل مؤثر بر آن (مطالعه موردی: شهر کرمانشاه)»، فصلنامه زن و جامعه، سال یازدهم، شماره 43، صصص 279-322.
نورمحمدی، غلامرضا (۱۳۸۹) کتاب نفی خشونت علیه زنان از نگاه علم و دین، تهران، ریاست جمهوری، مرکز امور زنان و خانواده.
Akhmedshina, f. (2020) violence against women: a form of discrimination and human rights violations. mental enlightenment scientific-methodological journal, (1): 13-23.
Cepeda, I., Lacalle-Calderon, M., & Torralba, M. (2022) Measuring violence against women: a global index. Journal of interpersonal violence, 37(19-20), NP18614-NP18638.
Kelmendi, K. (2015) Domestic violence against women in Kosovo: A qualitative study of women's experiences. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(4), 680–702.
Lutwak, N. (2024) The psychology of health and illness: The mental health and physiological effects of intimate partner violence on women. In The Psychology of Health and Illness (pp. 105-119). Routledge.
Mojahed, A., Alaidarous, N., Shabta, H., Hegewald, J., & Garthus-Niegel, S. (2022) Intimate partner violence against women in the Arab countries: a systematic review of risk factors. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 23(2), 390-407.
Navarro-Mantas, L., Velásquez, M. J., Lemus, S. D., & Megías, J. L. (2021) Prevalence and sociodemographic predictors of intimate partner violence against women in El Salvador. Journal of interpersonal violence, 36(7-8), NP3547-NP3573.
Rollero, C., Bergagna, E., & Tartaglia, S. (2021) What is violence? The role of sexism and social dominance orientation in recognizing violence against women. Journal of interpersonal violence, 36(21-22), NP11349-NP11366.
Stewart, S. H., & Passarotti, A. M. (2024) Sexual abuse and women's mental health. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1491803.
Turkcu, S. G., Uludag, E., Sercekus, P., & Ozkan, S. (2024) Psychological Violence Against Women by their Spouse as Predictive Factors for Anxiety Levels of Women during COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 17(2).
World Health Organization. (2018a) WHO: Addressing violence against women: Key achievements and priorities. Retrieved from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/275982.
World Health Organization. (2018b) Violence against Women Prevalence Estimates, 2018. Retrieved from Geneva: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/341604/WHO-SRH- 21.6-eng.pdf.
Wood, J. T. (2004) Monsters and victims: Male felons' accounts of intimate partner violence. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21(5), 555–576. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407504045889.