Using Shunpikes: Women's Strategy for Overcoming Social Constraints in Tourism
Subject Areas : Research on Iranian social issues
hamed bakhshi
1
*
,
fatemeh atri
2
1 - Associate Professor, Department of Tourism Sociology, Khorasan Razavi IHSS Organization, Tourism Research Institute.
2 - M.A in Social Welfare Planning, Department of Tourism Sociology, Khorasan Razavi IHSS, Iran.
Keywords: Tourism, women, travel, gender, leisure time limitation, secondary analysis,
Abstract :
The current paper examines the differences between men's and women's tourism experiences as an aspect of leisure. Four factors, including normative restrictions, female roles, economic weakness, and lack of security feeling, lead women to regulate their tourism travels different from men. For this purpose, the data of the National Survey of Values, Attitudes and Behavior of Tourism in Iran, with a sample size of 5009 people from all provinces of the country, were secondary analyzed. Eight hypotheses related to tourism motivations and behaviors, including having tourism experience, and choosing accommodation, vehicle and tour, were compared between men and women. The results showed that women who traveled alone or with their friends/colleagues, comparing with men, traveled more with tours, less by personal cars, less for recreation purpose, and more for pilgrimage motivation. Women were more likely to travel for visiting relatives when they were alone, and were less likely to camp in trips when traveled with their friends or colleagues. Although the frequency of women who traveled alone or with friends/colleagues were less than men, since their trips with families and relatives were more than men, the total amount of domestic travel by women were not significantly less than men. While the number of foreign trips of women were less than men, the frequency of foreign trips of employed women were not significantly different with men. It seems that despite the serious shortcomings in the quality of women's tourism experience compared to men, by using structural and normative shunpikes, they tried to compensate it.
حافظ شیرازی، شمس‌الدین محمد (1345) دیوان حافظ، به اهتمام سید ابوالقاسم انجوی شیرازی، ابراهیمی، قربانعلی و نادر رازقی، رقیه مسلمی پطرودی (1390) «اوقات فراغت و عوامل اجتماعی مؤثر بر آن»، جامعه¬شناسی کاربردی، شماره4، صص 71-98.
الهام¬پور، ح و م پاک¬سرشت (1383) «بررسی الگوی گذران اوقات فراغت دانشجویان دانشگاه شهید چمران»، علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، شماره، صص 39-62.
بخشی، حامد، و فائزه اعظم کاری (1394) «بررسی احساس امنیت گردشگران مذهبی در اماکن فراغتی (مورد مطالعه، شهر مشهد)»، مطالعات اجتماعی گردشگری، شماره 5 سال سوم، صص 151-189.
رضازاده، ر و م محمدی (1388) «بررسی عوامل محدودکنندۀ حضور زنان در فضاهای شهری»، معماری و شهرسازی، شماره، صص 105-114.
رضایی خرم¬¬آبادی، ح و دیگران (1398) «ارزیابی رابطۀ امنیت و اوقات فراغت در فضاهای سبز شهری (نمونه موردی، پارک¬های ناحیه¬ای هر یزد)»، برنامه¬ریزی و آمایش فضا، شماره، صص 87-121.
روجک، ک (1393) نظریه فراغت (اصول و تجربه‌ها) ترجمه ع مخبر، تهران، شهر.
شکربیگی، ع و پ رادین (1395) «بررسی عوامل مرتبط با احساس ناامنی اجتماعی زنان در فضاهای شهری (با تأکید بر ویژگی¬های کالبدی شهری)»، مطالعات اجتماعی روان¬شناختی زنان، شماره، صص 87-126.
صفاری، م (1399) «مدل¬یابی روابط ساختاری اوقات فراغت جدی، هویت و وابستگی مکانی زنان»، زن و جامعه، شماره، صص 135-154.
عبدلی، ا و دیگران (1393) «تحلیلی بر میزان احساس امنیت گردشگران شهری (مطالعه موردی، گردشگران داخلی شهر اصفهان)»، جغرافیا و برنامه¬ریزی، شماره، صص 235-257.
عنایت، ح و ن نره¬ای (1393) «بررسی عوامل اجتماعی و اقتصادی مرتبط با میزان نحوه گذران اوقات فراغت زنان (مطالعه موردی، زنان متأهل شاغل شهر نورآباد ممسنی)»، جامعه¬شناسی نهادهای اجتماعی، شماره، صص 31-55.
هی‌وود، ل (1380) اوقات فراغت، ترجمه م احسانی، تهران، امید دانش.
Amir, A, F., Ismail, M, N, I., & See, T, P (2015) Sustainable Tourist Environment, Perception of International Women Travelers on Safety and Security in Kuala Lumpur, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 168, 123-133, doi, https,//doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014. 10. 218.
Arab-moghadam, n., henderson, k, A.& sheikholeslami, r, (2007) Women's Leisure and Constraints to Participation, Iranian Perspectives, Journal of Leisure Research, 109-126.
Chiang, c..y.& Gogaratnam, G, (2006) Why do women travel solo for porpouses of leisure? Jornal of vacation marketing, 59-70.
Crawford, D, W.& Godbey, G, (1987) Reconceptualizing barriers to family leisure, Leisure sciences, 9(2), 119-127.
Crawford, D, W.Jackson, E, L.& Godbey, G, (1991) A hierarchical model of leisure constraints, Leisure sciences, 13(4), 309-320, doi, 10.1080/01490409109513147.
Harrington, M.Dawson, D.& Bolla, P, (1992) Objective and subjective constraints on women's enjoyment of leisure, Loisir et société/Society and Leisure, 15(1), 203-221.
Henderson, K, A.& Allen, K, R, (1991) The Ethic of Care, Leisure Possibilities and Constraints for Women, Loisir et Société / Society and Leisure, 14(1), 97-113, doi, 10.1080/07053436.1991.10715374.
Hudson, S, (2000) The segmentation of potential tourists, Constraint differences between men and women, Journal of Travel Research, 38(4), 363-368.
Jackson, E, L.& Henderson, K, A, (1995) Gender‐based analysis of leisure constraints, Leisure sciences, 17(1), 31-51.
Karagöz, D.Işık, C.Dogru, T.& Zhang, L, (2021) Solo female travel risks, anxiety and travel intentions, Examining the moderating role of online psychological-social support, Current Issues in Tourism, 24(11), 1595-1612.
Khan, M, J.Chelliah, S.Khan, F.& Amin, S, (2019) Perceived risks, travel constraints and visit intention of young women travelers, the moderating role of travel motivation, Tourism Review.
Khan, S (2011) Gendered leisure, are women more constrained in travel for leisure? Tourismos, 6(1).
Lynch, G.& Atkins, S, (1988) The influence of personal security fears on women's travel patterns, Transportation, 15(3), 257-277.
Mawby, R.Brunt, P.& Hambly, Z, (2000) Fear of crime among British holidaymakers, British Journal of Criminology, 40(3), 468-479.
Ratthinan, S, P.& Selamat, N, H, (2019) Negotiating travel constraints via technology, A study of Malay Muslim women through a hierarchical constraint model perspective, Asian Journal of Business Research, 9(2), 55.
Samdahl, D, M.& Jekubovich, n, J, (1997) A critique of leisure constraints, Comparative analyses and understandings, leisure Research, 430-452.
Seow, D.& Brown, L, (2018) The solo female Asian tourist, Current Issues in Tourism, 21(10), 1187-1206.
Shaw, S, M, (1994) Gender, leisure, and constraint, Towards a framework for the analysis of women's leisure, Journal of leisure research, 26(1), 8-22.
----- (1996) UNWTO, Tourism Highlights, 1969 edition Wilson, E.& Little, D, E, (2005) A “relative escape”? The impact of constraints on women who travel solo, Tourism Review International, 9(2), 155-175.