مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش انحرافات و مسائل اجتماعی3060-821X4122025426Investigating Social Well-Being and Its Relationship with Attitudes Toward Substance Use Among Normal, High-Risk, and Substance-Dependent Adolescentsبررسی بهزیستی اجتماعی و رابطه آن با نگرش نسبت به مصرف مواد در بین نوجوانان عادی، پرخطر و معتاد134faمهری سادات موسویاستادیار گروه جوانان و مناسبات نسلی، پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات اجتماعی جهاد دانشگاهی، تهران، ایران2025118This study investigates the relationship between social well-being and adolescents’ attitudes toward substance use. The research employs both documentary and survey methods for data collection. The study population consists of three groups of adolescents (aged 12–18) in Tehran: typically developing, high-risk, and substance-dependent, with a total of 749 participants selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. The findings indicate that social well-being varies across these groups. A fitted line plot demonstrates that higher social well-being is associated with a less favorable (i.e., more negative) attitude toward substance use, revealing an inverse relationship between these variables. Regression analysis shows that among typically developing adolescents, 51% of the variance in attitudes toward substance use is attributable to differences in social well-being, while among high -risk adolescents, this figure is 58.1%. Among high -risk adolescents, the indicators most strongly associated with positive attitudes toward substance use, in descending order, are social empathy, hope for the future, social trust, social support, sense of social worth, friendship and solidarity, and satisfaction with the living environment. Higher levels of these indicators correlate with less positive attitudes toward substance use. For typically developing adolescents, participation in social activities, satisfaction with the living environment, sense of social worth, hope for the future, social trust, social belonging, friendship and solidarity, and finding life meaningful exhibit the strongest associations with attitudes toward substance use.   Keywords: Substance Abuse, Social Well-Being, Social Health, Social Cohesion, Social Flourishing, Social Participation, Social Adjustment.   Introduction Over the past three decades, most approaches to drug abuse prevention in Iran have focused on developing effective strategies for adolescents. Each preventive approach has targeted specific components. One factor that has received less attention is social well-being. According to many scholars, relationships, shared experiences, and kinship play a significant role in enriching and giving meaning to individuals’ lives. Corey Lee Keyes (2004) defines social well-being as an individual’s ability to interact effectively with others and society to form satisfying personal relationships and fulfill social roles. Keyes identifies five dimensions of social well-being: social cohesion, social acceptance, social participation, social adjustment, and social flourishing. This study compares social well-being among typically developing,high -risk, and substance-dependent adolescents using a survey method and examines its impact on positive or negative attitudes toward substance use. Social well-being has received limited attention in health-related research. Understanding social well-being and developing a culturally and socially relevant model can enhance our understanding of substance abuse among adolescents and improve the effectiveness of prevention programs.   Methodology The research utilizes both documentary and survey methods for data collection. The study population comprises three groups of adolescents (aged 12–18) in Tehran: typically developing, high -risk, and substance-dependent. A total of 749 participants were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling and responded to questionnaires.   Findings The results indicate that social well-being differs among typically developing, high -risk, and substance-dependent adolescents. A fitted line plot shows that higher social well-being is associated with a less favorable (i.e., more negative) attitude toward substance use, confirming an inverse relationship between these variables. Regression analysis reveals that social cohesion has the strongest impact on positive attitudes toward substance use in both typically developing and high -risk adolescents, while social adjustment has the least impact. When analyzed separately for each group, considering all sub-indicators of social well-being, 51% of the variance in attitudes toward substance use among typically developing adolescents and 58.1% among high -risk adolescents are attributable to differences in social well-being. Due to the lack of statistical significance in the substance-dependent group, their analysis was excluded. Among high -risk adolescents, the indicators most strongly associated with attitudes toward substance use, in descending order, are social empathy, hope for the future, social trust, social support, sense of social worth, friendship and solidarity, and satisfaction with the living environment. Higher levels of these indicators correlate with less positive attitudes toward substance use. For typically developing adolescents, participation in social activities, satisfaction with the living environment, sense of social worth, hope for the future, social trust, social belonging, friendship and solidarity, and finding life meaningful show the strongest associations with attitudes toward substance use. Based on these results, sub-indicators with significant relationships to the dependent variable were identified.   Discussion and Conclusion A comparison of the three adolescent groups reveals significant differences in social well-being. Notably, nearly half of high -risk adolescents exhibit low social well-being, a concerning distribution. Attitudes toward substance use also vary significantly, with typically developing adolescents displaying more negative attitudes compared to the other groups. Given the influence of these indicators and their sub-components on adolescents’ positive or negative attitudes toward substance use, neglecting these factors may increase the likelihood of substance use. Previous research has emphasized the role of participation in social activities, social support (particularly from family and friends), social belonging, and friendship and solidarity (Bauman et al., 2000; Asheri et al., 1998; Casterman et al., 1997; Spoth et al., 2002) in preventing substance use by strengthening family bonds and supportive roles. Botvin et al. (1995) highlight the importance of fostering peer relationships and individual commitment against substance abuse. Other studies (Crawford & Novak, 2002; Kuendig & Kuntsche, 2006) confirm that adolescents who spend more time with their parents, communicate easily with them, and receive their support are less likely to engage in substance use or abuse. The “family sphere” hypothesis (Cleveland, Feinberg, & Greenberg, 2009) posits the family as a source of protection against substance use, neutralizing external influences, particularly from peers. Piko & Fitzpatrick (2004) demonstrate that religiosity and religious identity, by giving meaning to life, act as protective factors against substance abuse. As Veenhoven (2008) notes, “individuals’ well-being provides critical insights into the quality of the social system they live in. If individuals feel poorly, it indicates that the social system is not suitable for human habitation. One of sociology’s goals is to improve society, and studying social well-being offers clues for creating a more livable society.” Social well-being is a key determinant of social behavior. Individuals with higher social well-being tend to be better citizens, engage more in political issues, exercise their voting rights more frequently, participate in civic activities, and adopt moderate political views. Enhancing social well-being among adolescents, particularly in schools and families, can foster negative attitudes toward substance use and serve as a deterrent alongside other factors. The increasing prevalence of substance use scenarios (from experimental use to dependency), the rise of misleading cultural beliefs, greater accessibility to diverse and inexpensive substances, and encouragement of combined substance use underscore the need for heightened focus on preventive components, including social well-being. Attention to social well-being, alongside other dimensions of social health (social welfare and social virtues), is a critical step toward achieving a healthy lifestyle. Global trends emphasizing individual pleasure as the meaning of life, the crisis of the family institution, absolute selfhood, maximal enjoyment of life, and desocialization highlight the necessity of focusing on social well-being and social virtues to guide adolescents toward a substance-free life.   References Bauman, Z. (2008) The art of life. John Wiley & Sons, Polity Press. Cleveland, Michael J.; Feinberg, Mark E.; Greenberg, Mark T. (2009) Protective families in high-and low-risk environments: Implications for adolescent substance use. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(2), 114. Crawford, L.A.; Novak, K.B. (2002) Parental and peer influences on adolescent drinking: The relative impact of attachment and opportunity. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 12, 1–26. Keyes, Corey Lee (1998) Social well-being. Social Psychology Quarterly, 61(2), 121–140. Keyes, Corey Lee M. (2004) Social well-being in the United States: A descriptive epidemiology. Kuendig, H.; Kuntsche, E. (2006) Family bonding and adolescent alcohol use: Moderating effect of living with excessive drinking parents. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 41, 464–471. Mousavi, Mehri-Sadat (2018) Evaluation of the role of social dimensions of subjective well-being in school-based prevention of substance abuse. Allameh Tabataba’i University Jihad Publications. (In Persian) Mousavi, Mehri-Sadat; Mohseni Tabrizi, Alireza (2017) Designing and developing a substance use prevention package for secondary school students. Iran Drug Control Headquarters. (In Persian) Piko, B.F.; Fitzpatrick, K.M. (2004) Substance use, religiosity, and other protective factors among Hungarian adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 29, 1095–1107. Spoth, R.L.; Kavanaugh, K.A.; Dishion, T.J. (2002) Family-centered preventive intervention science: Toward benefits to larger populations of children, youth, and families. Prevention Science, 3(3), 145–152. doi: 10.1023/A:1019924615322 Veenhoven, R. (2008) Sociological theories of subjective well-being. In M. Eid & R. Larsen (Eds.), The science of subjective well-being: A tribute to Ed Diener (pp. 44–61). Guilford Publications.    این مقاله به بررسی رابطه بین بهزیستی اجتماعی با نگرش نوجوانان نسبت به مصرف مواد پرداخته است. پژوهش حاضر بر اساس روش و نحوه گردآوری اطلاعات، بر دو شیوه تحقیق اسنادی و پیمایشی استوار است. جامعه آماری تحقیق را سه گروه از نوجوانان عادی، پرخطر و سوءمصرف&zwnj;کننده (12-18 سال) شهر تهران تشکیل می&zwnj;دهد و مجموعاً 749 نفر با استفاده از نمونه&zwnj;گیری خوشه&zwnj;ای چندمرحله&zwnj;ای پاسخگوی پرسشنامه&zwnj;ها بودند. یافته&zwnj;ها حاکی از آن است که بهزیستی اجتماعی نوجوانان عادی، پرخطر و معتاد متفاوت است. از سوی دیگر نمودار خط برازش بیانگر آن است که هرچه بهزیستی اجتماعی افزایش می&zwnj;یابد، نگرش نسبت به مواد کمتر و به عبارت دیگر منفی&zwnj;تر می&zwnj;شود. و این دو متغیر نسبت به هم رابطه معکوسی دارند. تحلیل رگرسیونی بهزیستی اجتماعی بیانگر آن است که در بین نوجوانان عادی51 درصد از تفاوت نگرش نسبت به مصرف مواد و در بین نوجوانان پرخطر 58.1 درصد به دلیل تفاوت بهزیستی اجتماعی است. در بین نوجوانان پرخطر، شاخصی که بیشترین رابطه را با نگرش مثبت به مصرف مواد داشت، به&zwnj;ترتیب عبارتند بودند از همدلی اجتماعی، امید به آینده، اعتماد اجتماعی، حمایت اجتماعی، احساس ارزشمندی اجتماعی، دوستی و همبستگی و رضایت از محیط زندگی. هرچه این شاخص&zwnj;ها بالاتر روند، نگرش مثبت نسبت به مصرف مواد پایین&zwnj;تر می&zwnj;آید. درخصوص نوجوانان عادی، شرکت در فعالیت&zwnj;های اجتماعی، رضایت از محیط زندگی، احساس ارزشمندی اجتماعی، امید به آینده، اعتماد اجتماعی، تعلق اجتماعی، دوستی و همبستگی و معنادار دانستن زندگی بیشترین رابطه را با نگرش نسبت به مواد داشتند.

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مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش انحرافات و مسائل اجتماعی3060-821X4122025426Investigating Factors Related to Quality of Life and Social Health among Addicts in Sanandajبررسی عوامل مرتبط با کيفيت زندگي و سلامت اجتماعي معتادان شهر سنندج 3558faیعقوباحمدیاستاد گروه جامعه‌شناسی دانشگاه پیام‌نور، تهران، ایران سالار مرادیاستادیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه پیام‌نور، تهران، ایران 0009000986374137زهرامسیبیدکتری مدیریت آموزشی، گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه فرهنگیان اصفهان، ایران بهزاد حکیمی‌نیادانش‌آموخته دکتری جامعه‌شناسی دانشگاه شیراز، ایران 2024129Quality of life is a critical area of study in social sciences, closely linked to concepts such as social health. While these concepts have been extensively explored across various societal groups, they have been less examined among addicts in Iran. This study aims to investigate the factors associated with the quality of life and social health of addicts in Sanandaj. The research employed a survey method with a statistical sample of 384 addicts in Sanandaj. The findings indicate that the average quality of life among addicts is above average in the subjective dimension but significantly below average in the objective dimension. Their social health is also well below average. The results demonstrate that quality of life has a direct and significant impact on social health. The subjective dimension of quality of life, with a strong coefficient of 0.91, and the objective dimension, with a coefficient of 0.35, both have a direct and significant effect on the social health of the sample. Consequently, social health fosters constructive relationships and interactions within society, and individuals with high social health are less likely to pursue fleeting emotions or individual pleasure-seeking. Therefore, to enhance social health, mechanisms influencing it—namely, both subjective and objective dimensions of quality of life-must be prioritized.   Keywords: Quality of Life, Social Health, Dimensions of Social Health, Sanandaj, Addiction.   Introduction The growing issue of addiction among youth has raised alarms for families and society, with official and unofficial statistics indicating an increase in the number of addicts. Addiction today extends beyond a mere health or medical issue, emerging as a crisis with numerous negative social, cultural, and political consequences. It not only adversely affects individuals’ quality of life but also reduces social health and acceptance. Research findings show that the quality of life and health of addicts are significantly lower than the societal average. Many researchers view drug addicts as patients with health issues, and over the past two decades, public attention to their quality of life has increased. However, studies on the quality of life of drug addicts remain relatively scarce. Thus, a key question is whether quality of life indicators can influence social health. To address this, the study focuses on the addict population in Sanandaj. Understanding the status of quality of life and social health can facilitate effective planning to improve addicts’ conditions and quality of life. According to existing literature, drug dependency is a social issue, serving as a catalyst for numerous social harms and familial and individual dysfunctions. Addiction, particularly the increasing misuse and dependency on drugs, threatens families and society due to its psychological, moral, and social impacts, leading to behaviors such as family role conflicts, vagrancy, and other deviant actions. The concept of quality of life has been extensively studied, often accompanied by related theoretical frameworks. Hojjati et al. (2009) describe addiction as more than a health issue, noting its detrimental effects on individuals’ quality of life and social health and acceptance. Abbasi et al. (2013) argue that addiction reduces quality of life, severely impacting individuals’ health due to drug use. Movahhedi et al. (2014) demonstrate that drug use and addiction endanger not only individual health but also societal health. Narimani et al. (2014) highlight drug misuse as a cause of numerous issues, including disruptions in quality of life. Fani et al. (2015) conceptualize quality of life within the frameworks of welfare and social justice, while Moradi (2021) notes the high crime rates among addicts and assesses their social health as low.   Methodology This applied research adopts a survey method for data collection and employs descriptive and correlational analysis. The study population consists of addicts in Sanandaj, with approximately 25,000 individuals reported by the local Welfare Organization. Using Morgan’s sample size table, 384 individuals were selected as the statistical sample. Data were collected through interviews using a questionnaire, and analysis was conducted in two parts—descriptive and inferential—using statistical software.   Findings The statistical findings confirm the impact of quality of life on social health. The subjective dimension of quality of life, with a strong coefficient of 0.91, and the objective dimension, with a coefficient of 0.35, both have a direct and significant effect on the social health of addicts. The subjective dimension exhibits a much stronger effect. Descriptive results also indicate that addicts’ perception of subjective quality of life is above average.   Disscusion and Conclusion Social health can act as a deterrent in the context of addiction. Individuals with high social health are not only non-threatening to their social circles but also play constructive roles in friendships and social interactions. They are better equipped to handle challenges related to primary social roles, often living in stable and cohesive families and participating more in collective activities. High social health is associated with greater adherence to social norms and success in preventing deviance. Social health programs focusing on risk reduction, decreasing addiction tendencies, enhancing mental health, preventing issues, self-control, and supervision can be pursued by social workers to support individuals’ rehabilitation.     References Abbasi, Alireza et al. (2013) Investigating social factors affecting the tendency toward drug use (Case study: Payame Noor University, Rezvan Shahr Branch). Scientific Journal of Drug Abuse Studies, 11(40), 91–113. (In Persian) Fani, Zohreh et al. (2015) Assessing urban quality of life with an emphasis on gender (Case study: Qorveh city). Urban Ecological Research Bi-Quarterly, 6(12), 65–78. (In Persian) Hojjati, Hamid et al. (2009) Investigating quality of life and its relationship with social acceptance among addicts attending addiction treatment centers in Golestan Province. Tolo-e Behdasht, 8(3-4) (Third National Congress on High-Risk Behaviors), 37. (In Persian) Moradi, Alireza. (2021) Harms of youth drug addiction and solutions for overcoming it. Scientific Journal of Drug Abuse Studies, 13(49), 1–18. (In Persian) Movahhedi, Yazdan et al. (2014) Comparing physical and psychological dimensions of health-related quality of life in addicts and non-addicts. Journal of Rehabilitation Research in Nursing, 1(2), 63–72. (In Persian) Narimani, Mohammad et al. (2014) Investigating various dimensions of quality of life among children of addicts. Local Development (Rural-Urban), 6(1), 107–122. (In Persian)      کيفيت زندگي، يکي از مهم&zwnj;ترين حوزه&zwnj;هاي مطالعاتي در علوم اجتماعي است که ارتباط تنگاتنگی با بسیاری از مفاهیم اجتماعی از جمله سلامت اجتماعی دارد. این مفاهیم در بسیاری از اقشار جامعه در مطالعات گسترده&zwnj;ای بررسی شده&zwnj; و کمتر در جامعه معتادان کشور تحلیل و بررسی شده&zwnj; است. بر همین اساس این پژوهش با هدف بررسی عوامل مرتبط با کيفيت زندگي و سلامت اجتماعي معتادان شهر سنندج انجام شده است. روش این پژوهش از نوع پیمایشی و نمونه آماری آن شامل 384 نفر افراد معتاد شهر سنندج است میانگین کیفیت زندگی معتادان در بعد ذهنی بالای حد متوسط و در بعد عینی بسیار پایین بوده است و متغیر سلامت اجتماعی آنها نیز از حد متوسط، بسیار پایینتر است. یافته&zwnj;های نشان داده که متغیر کیفیت زندگی بر سلامت اجتماعی، اثر مستقیم و معناداری دارد. بعد ذهنی کیفیت زندگی با ضریب بسیار قوی 91/0 و بعد عینی کیفیت زندگی نیز با ضریب 35/0، اثر مستقیم و معناداری بر سلامت اجتماعی نمونه آماری دارد. در نتیجه سلامت اجتماعی افراد تضمین&zwnj;کننده روابط و تعاملات سازنده در جامعه است و افراد دارای سلامت اجتماعی بالا، کمتر سمت هیجانات لحظه&zwnj;ای و لذت&zwnj;جویی&zwnj;های فردی می&zwnj;روند. بنابراین برای ارتقای سلامت اجتماعی باید مکانیزم&zwnj;های اثرگذار بر آن یعنی کیفیت زندگی در دو بعد ذهنی و عینی مورد توجه قرار گیرد.

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مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش انحرافات و مسائل اجتماعی3060-821X4122025426Exploring Perceived Interactional Harms Among Substance-Dependent Women in Isfahanواکاوی آسيب‌هاي تعاملي ادراک‌شده در زنان معتاد شهر اصفهان5981faستارهمحمدیکارشناس‌ارشد روان‌شناسی عمومی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان) دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان، ایرانزهرایوسفیاستادیار گروه روان‌شناسی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان) دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان، ایران لیلا هاشمی مقدمکارشناس‌ارشد روان‌شناسی بالینی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان) دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان، ایرانزهراکیانیکارشناس‌ارشد مدیریت آموزشی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان) دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان، ایران2024127Social exclusion and unhealthy social interactions have detrimental consequences for substance-dependent women, ranging from social withdrawal to suicide attempts, with adverse impacts on both family and society. Given the rising prevalence of addiction among women, a comprehensive investigation of this issue is essential. This study aims to explore the interactional harms experienced by substance-dependent women in Isfahan. The research was conducted using a qualitative thematic analysis approach. The study population comprised all substance-dependent women in Isfahan’s addiction treatment centers in 2024, from which eight participants were purposively selected using homogeneous sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, utilizing an interview guide with questions related to interactional harms. The data were analyzed following Braun and Clarke’s (2006) six-stage method. The findings revealed that interactional harms can be categorized into four themes: harms arising from familial issues, harms related to the parental subsystem, harms stemming from psychological problems, and harms associated with social interactions. The results suggest that substance-dependent women experience interactional harms that predispose them to addiction and increase the likelihood of sustained substance use.   Keywords: Perceived Interactional Harms, Addiction, Social Deviance, Substance-Dependent Women, Thematic Analysis.   Introduction According to global statistics, addiction in women leads to more severe consequences than in men, with significantly greater physical, psychological, and social impacts (Majdi & Anvari, 2024). Social exclusion and unhealthy social interactions have harmful effects on substance-dependent women (Talebpour, 2023), encompassing a wide range of outcomes from social withdrawal to suicide attempts, with negative consequences for both family and society (Zolala et al., 2016). Various theories have addressed the causes and explanations of social interactions in addiction. Sociological theories generally examine social structures and behaviors, studying substance use within a social context (Majdi & Anvari, 2024). Additionally, the network analysis approach, initially developed in psychology and later extended to sociology and anthropology, focuses on group relationships and the structural characteristics of social formations, considering social relationships as the cornerstone of social structures (Babaeifard & Habibirad, 2018). Given the importance of interactional relationships in the development or recovery from addiction, research is needed to identify interactional harms—referring to the wounds and suffering individuals experience from or inflict on those around them—among substance-dependent women. With the increasing prevalence of addiction among women, a comprehensive examination of this issue is crucial. Therefore, this study aims to qualitatively explore the interactional harms experienced by substance-dependent women in Isfahan.   Methodology This qualitative study employed thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke’s (2006) approach. The study population included all substance-dependent women in Isfahan’s addiction treatment centers in 2024, from which eight participants were purposively selected based on theoretical saturation. The participants represented diverse social classes, educational backgrounds, and age groups. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews using an interview guide containing questions related to interactional harms, with each interview lasting approximately 90 minutes on average. The qualitative data were analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s (2006) six-stage method. Ethical principles, including obtaining written informed consent, ensuring confidentiality and anonymity, respecting privacy during interviews, and providing general results to participants upon request, were adhered to.   Findings The analysis yielded 602 statements extracted from the interviews, which were initially categorized into 54 preliminary themes. These were further organized into nine organizing themes (maternal interactional harms, paternal interactional harms, nuclear family interactional harms, extended family interactional harms, sibling interactional harms, skill deficiencies, impulsive interactional behaviors, school-related harms, and harmful social interactions) and four final themes (interactional harms related to the parental subsystem, interactional harms arising from familial issues, interactional harms stemming from psychological problems, and interactional harms associated with social interactions).   Discussion and Conclusion The findings indicate that substance-dependent women experienced interactional harms prior to their addiction, which predisposed them to substance use and increased the likelihood of sustained addiction. Key findings include difficulties in forming friendships, frequent paternal absence, negative family emotions, having an emotionally distant spouse, pre-marital relationships or sexual assault, school-related problems, and challenges in peer relationships, all of which contribute to interactional harms influencing the onset and relapse of substance use. Based on these results, it is recommended that researchers, psychologists, and counselors develop educational packages focused on fostering healthy family and kinship relationships, as well as awareness programs for women and girls regarding interactional harms related to addiction. These should be implemented through preventive workshops addressing social deviance and harms for women and girls.   References Babaeifard, Asadollah; Habibirad, Lili (2018) Experiences of recovered substance-dependent women with social exclusion in Qom. Quarterly Journal of the Women and Family Socio-Cultural Council, 21(81), 167–189. (In Persian) Majdi, Ali Akbar; Anvari, Alireza (2024) Analysis of the relationship between social exclusion and social entrepreneurial capacities in addiction recovery among substance-dependent women and girls. Social Sciences, 21(3), 1–27. (In Persian) Talebpour, Akbar (2023) Explaining the impact of social exclusion on the tendency toward substance use among women. Journal of Social and Psychological Studies of Women, 21(4), 36–63. (In Persian) Zolala, F., Mahdavian, M., Haghdoost, A. A., & Karamouzian, M. (2016) Pathways to addiction: A gender-based case study on drug use in the Triangular Clinic and Drop-in Center, Kerman, Iran. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction, 5(2), e22320.                              طرد از اجتماع و تعاملات اجتماعی ناسالم، نتایج زیانباری را برای زنان معتاد در بردارد که دامنه وسیعی از گوشه&zwnj;گیری تا اقدام به خودکشی را شامل میشود و همچنین پیامدهای ناگواری را هم برای خانواده و هم برای جامعه به همراه دارد. بدین &zwnj;سبب این مسئله با توجه به افزایش روزافزون اعتیاد در بین زنان، حائز بررسی همه&zwnj;جانبه است. بنابراین هدف از پژوهش حاضر، واکاوی آسیب&zwnj;های تعاملی زنان معتاد شهر اصفهان بود. این پژوهش با بهره گیری از روش کیفی تحلیل مضمون انجام شد. جامعه آماری پژوهش، کلیه زنان معتاد در مراکز ترک اعتیاد شهر اصفهان در سال 1403 بود که از بین آنها، هشت نفر به شکل هدفمند و به روش همگون به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شد. تکنیک گردآوری اطلاعات، مصاحبه نیمه&zwnj;ساختار یافته با ابزار مصاحبه نامه که حاوی سؤالات مرتبط با آسیب&zwnj;های تعاملی زنان معتاد بود. داده&zwnj;های حاصل از مصاحبه به کمک روش ششمرحله&zwnj;ای براون و کلارک (2006) تحلیل شد. نتایج نشان داد که آسیب&zwnj;های تعاملی شامل چهار مقولۀ آسیب&zwnj;های تعاملی ناشی از آسیب&zwnj;های خانوادگی، آسیب&zwnj;های تعاملی ناشی از زیرسیستم والدین، آسیب&zwnj;های تعاملی ناشی از مشکلات و آسیب&zwnj;های تعاملی اجتماعی است. با توجه به نتایج حاصل می&zwnj;توان نتیجه گرفت که زنان معتاد، آسیب&zwnj;های تعاملی را تجربه کردهاند که آنها را مستعد ابتلا به اعتیاد کرده، احتمال پایداری گرایش آنان به اعتیاد را افزایش می&zwnj;دهد.

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مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش انحرافات و مسائل اجتماعی3060-821X4122025426Reversion and Non-Reversion from Prostitution: Narratives of Prostitute Women in Tehranبازگشت و عدم بازگشت از روسپیگری به روایت زنان روسپی شهر تهران83111fa محدثه کامیاردانشجوی دکتری رشته مطالعات زنان، دانشگاه ادیان و مذاهب قم، ایران0009000113550875سمیه خراسانیاستادیار گروه مطالعات زنان دانشکده زن و خانواده دانشگاه ادیان و مذاهب قم، ایران 202513This article aims to analyze the reversion from or continuation of prostitution based on the narratives of prostituted women in Tehran. The examination of participants’ experiences in the process of prostitution, encompassing the stages of initiation, continuation, and reversion, forms the main framework of the study. It explores the contexts of the formation, persistence, and stop of prostitution from the 10 perspectives of women engaged in it. The research adopts a qualitative approach, utilizing narrative analysis and thematic analysis. Participants were selected based on purposive sampling. The findings indicate that dysfunctional families, homelessness, lack of suitable housing, and absence of religious beliefs or ethical frameworks are key factors contributing to entry into prostitution. The inability to meet basic needs, economic pressures, pursuit of a specific lifestyle, psychological and emotional factors, and fulfillment of sexual needs are primary components sustaining women’s involvement in such relationships. Conversely, emotional attachments, fulfillment of essential needs, self-valuing, enhanced self-worth, strengthened ethical boundaries, and religious beliefs are significant factors facilitating exit from prostitution.   Keywords: Prostitution, Narrative Analysis, Reversion, Prostituted Women.   Introduction Prostitution, as a social issue, is rooted in economic, cultural, and gender inequalities within societies. This phenomenon, often accompanied by significant physical and psychological harms, not only impacts the lives of the women involved but also negatively affects the social fabric and moral values of society. In Iran, despite legal and law enforcement efforts to combat prostitution, its presence persists in major cities. Understanding the causes, contributing factors, and pathways to exiting prostitution requires a comprehensive and multidimensional approach. Exploring the lived experiences of women involved, particularly in the process of reversion, can contribute to designing more effective support and empowerment programs. This study aims to narratively analyze the experience of reversion from prostitution in Tehran, striving for a deeper understanding of this process through detailed examination of women’s narratives. The research can assist policymakers, social workers, and other stakeholders in developing more effective interventions to support women engaged in prostitution. The study of prostitution through various sociological, psychological, and women’s studies perspectives has illuminated multiple dimensions of this phenomenon. Feminist theories analyze prostitution as a consequence of patriarchal power structures and the exploitation of women, arguing that it is not a freely chosen act but a result of coercion and inequality. Economic theories emphasize the role of poverty, unemployment, and economic disparities in driving women toward prostitution, viewing it as a means of survival for some. From a psychological perspective, childhood trauma, sexual abuse, and lack of emotional support can contribute to women’s engagement in prostitution, highlighting the need for therapeutic and psychological support. Numerous studies in Iran have explored the causes, consequences, and strategies to address prostitution. Some have focused on social and economic factors leading to women’s entry into prostitution, while others have examined the lived experiences and challenges faced by these women. Qualitative studies using in-depth interviews and narrative analysis have provided deeper insights into the perspectives, emotions, and motivations of women involved. These studies indicate that factors such as addiction, violence, homelessness, and lack of social support contribute to the continuation of prostitution. Additionally, hope for a better life, financial independence, and seeking affection can sustain this condition. Conversely, factors such as attitudinal changes, improved living conditions, emotional and social support, and finding meaning and purpose in life can facilitate reversion from prostitution.   Methodology This study employed a qualitative approach to deeply and comprehensively explore the experience of reversion from prostitution. Narrative analysis was used as a tool to understand the stories and lived experiences of women involved. Purposive sampling was conducted to ensure maximum diversity in participants’ personal and social characteristics. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with prostituted women in Tehran who had experienced reversion from this condition. Efforts were made to create a safe and supportive environment during interviews to enable participants to freely share their experiences. The interview questions were designed to cover various dimensions of the prostitution experience, including factors influencing entry, continuation, and exit. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, which involves identifying, analyzing, and reporting patterns within the data. The thematic analysis process included the following steps: Familiarization with the data: Repeated and thorough reading of interview transcripts to gain a deep understanding of the content. Initial coding: Identifying and labeling key concepts and patterns in the data. Theme searching: Organizing codes into broader, related themes. Theme reviewing: Evaluating and refining themes to ensure validity and coherence. Defining and naming themes: Providing clear and concise descriptions of each theme. Reporting findings: Presenting a summary of the main themes supported by data evidence. To ensure the validity and reliability of the study, multiple methods were employed, including peer review, participant validation, and data triangulation. In peer review, the analysis results were evaluated by other researchers specializing in the field. In participant validation, findings were shared with participants to obtain their feedback on the accuracy and validity of the results. Data triangulation involved using multiple data sources (e.g., interviews, documents, and observations) to validate and strengthen the findings.   Findings The findings reveal that the experience of prostitution for women involved is a complex and multidimensional process influenced by individual, familial, social, and economic factors. In the initiation stage of prostitution, the following factors were identified as significant: Lack of familial and social support: Participants from dysfunctional families lacking emotional and financial support were more vulnerable to entering prostitution. These women often sought alternatives to address their emotional and financial deficits outside the family. Experiences of violence and abuse: Women who experienced physical, sexual, or emotional violence during childhood or adolescence were more likely to engage in prostitution. Such traumatic experiences can lead to reduced self-esteem, depression, and other psychological issues, making women more susceptible to exploitation. Economic hardship and poverty: Women facing severe economic challenges and unable to meet their or their family’s basic needs often viewed prostitution as a solution to financial difficulties. Lack of suitable job opportunities and necessary skills frequently forced these women into prostitution. Influence of friends and peers: Women connected with friends or peers involved in prostitution were more likely to engage in it themselves. Peer influence can promote positive attitudes toward prostitution and facilitate entry into this activity. In the continuation stage of prostitution, the following factors were identified as sustaining involvement: Dependence on drugs and alcohol: Women dependent on drugs or alcohol were more likely to remain in prostitution. Addiction can reduce behavioral control, increase vulnerability to abuse and violence, and diminish motivation to exit prostitution. Lack of social support and alternative opportunities: Women without strong social support or alternative income sources were more likely to stay in prostitution, often feeling they had no other means to meet their needs. Fear of retaliation and violence: Some women continued prostitution due to fear of retaliation or violence from clients or traffickers, living in threatening and dangerous conditions with no perceived escape. In the reversion stage from prostitution, the following factors were identified as facilitating exit: Emotional and social support: Women who received strong emotional and social support from family, friends, partners, or professionals were more likely to exit prostitution. Such support can enhance self-esteem, reduce depression, and strengthen motivation for change. Employment and educational opportunities: Access to suitable employment and educational opportunities increased the likelihood of exiting prostitution by addressing economic needs, fostering independence, and improving quality of life. Treatment for addiction and mental health issues: Women who sought treatment for addiction and mental health issues were more likely to exit prostitution. Treatment can reduce substance dependency, improve mental health, and enhance coping abilities. Changes in attitudes and values: Women who shifted their attitudes and values, recognizing the importance of their health, safety, and well-being, were more likely to exit prostitution. These changes can increase motivation to leave prostitution and build a new life.   Discussion and Conclusion The findings align with previous studies on prostitution, highlighting its multifaceted nature and the need for a comprehensive approach to address it. The experience of prostitution is fraught with challenges and harms, necessitating holistic support. Based on the findings, intervention programs for preventing prostitution and supporting affected women should focus on strengthening family structures, reducing poverty and inequality, providing education and employment opportunities, and offering psychological and social support. Policymakers and non-governmental organizations should collaborate to design and implement programs to empower prostituted women and provide suitable employment opportunities. These programs should address the specific needs of affected women, equipping them with skills to secure jobs and build new lives. Additionally, awareness campaigns about the risks of prostitution and prevention strategies should be promoted, particularly targeting youth and adolescents to encourage informed decision-making. This study faced limitations, such as a limited sample size and a focus on women in Tehran, which restricts the generalizability of the findings. Employing mixed methods (qualitative and quantitative) could provide a more comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. Future research should use larger and more diverse samples to explore various dimensions of prostitution and reversion in other communities.   References Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. Kalantari, Samad et al. (2005) The relationship between poverty, law-breaking, and the formation of social harm. Social Welfare Quarterly, 5(18), 65–90. (In Persian) Kermani, Mehdi; Bahravan, Hossein (2017) Prostitution: Social imposition or personal choice; A qualitative analysis. Social Work Research Journal, 12, 143–184. (In Persian) Larijani, Mahsa; Mirhosseini, Zahra (2019) The hidden half of prostituted women’s lives. Strategic Studies of Social Issues, 25, 45–64. (In Persian) Madani Ghahfarokhi, Saeed (2017) Sociology of prostitution: Examining social harms (4th ed.). Tehran: Parseh Book. (In Persian)      این مقاله با هدف تحلیل بازگشت از روسپیگری یا ادامه آن به روایت زنان روسپی شهر تهران به نگارش درآمده است. بررسی تجربیات مشارکت&zwnj;کنندگان در فرآیند روسپیگری، در سه مرحله شروع، استمرار و بازگشت از تن&zwnj;فروشی، چهارچوب اصلی مقاله را تشکیل داده است که ضمن آن به بررسی و واکاوی زمینه&zwnj;های شکل&zwnj;گیری، تداوم و انصراف از آن از منظر زنان درگیر روسپیگری پرداخته است. رویکرد تحقیق حاضر، کیفی و روش آن تحلیل روایت و تجزیه و تحلیل مضامین آن است و مشارکت&zwnj;کنندگان براساس منطق نمونه&zwnj;گیری هدفمند انتخاب شده&zwnj;اند. یافته&zwnj;ها نشان می&zwnj;دهد خانواده نابسامان، بی&zwnj;پناهی و نداشتن مکان مناسب برای سکونت، نداشتن چهارچوب&zwnj;ها و باورمندی مذهبی بسترهای مؤثر در ورود به روسپیگری هستند. عدم تأمین نیازهای اساسی، عوامل اقتصادی و تلاش برای دستیابی به سبک رفاه خاص، زمینه&zwnj;های روانی و عاطفی و تأمین نیاز جنسی نیز از مؤلفه&zwnj;های اصلی هستند که باعث ماندگاری زنان در این نوع روابط می&zwnj;شوند و در نهایت علقه&zwnj;های عاطفی، تأمین نیازهای ضروری، اهمیت دادن به خود و احساس خودارزشمندی، پررنگ شدن حریم&zwnj;ها و چهارچوب&zwnj;های اخلاقی یا باورمندی مذهبی مؤلفه&zwnj;های مؤثر در خروج از این روابط برای زنان روسپی می&zwnj;باشند.   <pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" data-placeholder="ترجمه" data-ved="2ahUKEwijqrjp3NiKAxULg_0HHaD0M5oQ3ewLegQIDBAT"> </pre>

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مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش انحرافات و مسائل اجتماعی3060-821X4122025426Systematic Review of Bullying in Primary Schoolsبررسی سیستماتیک قلدری در مدارس ابتدایی113145faمهدیه سادات حسینیدانشجوی کارشناسی آموزش ابتدایی دانشگاه فرهنگیان، ایران0009000770578050فاطمهرحیم نژاددانشجوی کارشناسی آموزش ابتدایی دانشگاه فرهنگیان، ایران 0009-0000-4325-865920241210The effectiveness of an educational system depends on considering students’ academic performance across various stages. Bullying, a significant challenge in educational settings, can have detrimental effects, manifesting in various forms and hindering the creation of a safe and healthy learning environment. This article aims to examine the factors contributing to bullying among primary school students and propose strategies for its reduction and prevention. The study comprehensively reviews bullying in primary schools through a systematic review of domestic and international scientific databases. After collecting search results, article titles and abstracts were reviewed. Articles meeting the inclusion criteria were selected for the review, while others were excluded. Ultimately, 55 articles (32 domestic and 23 international) were chosen for in-depth analysis. The analysis revealed that individual, familial, and environmental factors play significant roles in the occurrence of bullying. Additionally, the role of technology and social media in amplifying cyberbullying is notable. The findings indicate that reducing bullying in primary school children requires comprehensive collaboration among schools, parents, and the community. Proposed strategies include self-management, self-efficacy, emotional regulation, and other approaches for teachers to prevent or mitigate bullying. The goal of this research is to empower teachers to address bullying and foster a safe environment for students.   Keywords: Bullying, Children, Primary Schools, Educational Environment, Education. Introduction Schools are environments where children develop communication skills, embrace their role as students, learn to follow rules, respect them, manage emotions, and adapt to social norms, ultimately becoming socialized (Bandak et al., 2021: 80). The effectiveness of an educational system is maximized when it prioritizes students’ academic performance across different stages (Darabi et al., 2024: 25). The primary school period is a critical phase for children’s personality development and growth, laying the foundation for subsequent education and preparing students for future skills and expertise. Bullying, a prevalent classroom behavioral phenomenon, is a major concern for teachers, psychologists, and educational counselors (Bayrami et al., 2015: 111). Two key issues have drawn global attention to bullying in recent decades: its high prevalence among students and the wide-ranging consequences it has for those involved. This study aims to establish a suitable framework for understanding bullying and developing effective interventions in schools, focusing on three aspects: first, examining the attention given to bullying across different time periods; second, identifying the causes and consequences of bullying based on prior studies; and third, refining strategies for reducing and addressing bullying based on previous research. Bullying in primary schools is a significant and complex challenge within educational systems. However, research has primarily focused on adolescents and their encounters with bullying, while primary school children, despite their unique vulnerabilities, have received less attention. In Iran, this phenomenon has garnered increasing interest from researchers and educational authorities in recent years. Bullying refers to a set of repetitive, potentially harmful behaviors that persist over time and lead to negative consequences. What distinguishes bullying from other aggressive or antisocial behaviors is its repetitive nature and the power imbalance between the individuals involved, as bullying requires an unequal distribution of power (see Haj Hosseini et al., 2017). Based on the roles of those involved, bullying includes not only the bully and the victim but also four other bystander roles: the bully’s assistant, the bully’s reinforcer, the outsider, and the defender of the victim. Bullying behaviors are diverse and can be broadly categorized into traditional bullying and cyberbullying. Bullies are more likely to engage in criminal behavior or face legal issues in the future, are more prone to conflicts, achieve lower grades, and perceive the school environment as chaotic and negative. Conversely, bullying causes significant harm to victims, including compromised mental health and safety, reduced social adjustment, aversion to the school environment, physical health issues, psychosomatic symptoms, severe stress, anxiety, depression, and, in extreme cases, suicide (Aliyurdinia et al., 2015: 19). Various individual and social factors, such as gender, parental education level, migration, and school changes, can influence the occurrence and prediction of bullying.   Methodology This article provides a comprehensive review of bullying in primary schools, its causes, and management strategies, conducted systematically. A systematic review is an observational study based on existing and prior research (Serajzadeh & Bagheri, 2017: 134). After applying exclusion criteria, 55 studies (23 international and 32 domestic) were included in the main analysis phase and thoroughly examined.   Findings The findings indicate that bullying not only negatively impacts victims but also has detrimental effects on the entire educational environment and society. Bullies experience severe stress and depression, while physical health issues (e.g., stomach or kidney problems) and school dropout rank as secondary consequences. Teachers often adopt a lenient attitude toward bullying or use arbitrary interventions that exacerbate the issue. Various psychological approaches have emerged to address bullying and its management, several of which can be effective in preventing and treating bullying in primary school children. Snyder’s hope enhancement cognitive training, recognized as a novel approach in positive psychology, focuses on goal-setting to address life challenges, identifying pathways to achieve these goals, and overcoming obstacles. Positive psychologists emphasize the importance of achieving balance, where individuals’ strengths and weaknesses are simultaneously acknowledged and understood (Nasiri & Jowkar, 2008: 161). For students to develop a positive outlook toward themselves, others, and the world, and to feel useful and effective, they need to navigate life with clear thinking, realistic perspectives, and greater confidence. Addressing bullying is essential not only for victims but also for the broader social system, including families, schools, and communities. Correcting teachers’ misconceptions about bullying is critical, as research indicates that self-efficacy alone cannot accurately predict effective strategies for managing bullying (see Golparvar et al., 2016). Social skills, social adjustment, and enhancing feelings of competence, worthiness, and self-efficacy are among the most critical strategies for preventing and addressing bullying, followed by problem-solving skills.   Discussion and Conclusion The analysis identifies gender, physical stature, and authoritarian parenting styles as the most frequent causes of bullying. Bullying is more prevalent among boys than girls, consistent with gender characteristics. Children with smaller statures are more likely to be victims, while those with larger builds are more prone to bullying. Parenting styles significantly influence children’s personality development. The most significant consequence of bullying is depression, with social skills, social adjustment, and increased feelings of competence, worthiness, and self-efficacy being the most effective strategies. As bullying is a social harm, equipping children with social skills and adjustment can prevent them from becoming victims or bullies. Many children engage in bullying to compensate for feelings of frustration and humiliation, making the reinforcement of self-efficacy and worthiness an effective preventive and therapeutic strategy. Other causes, consequences, and strategies with lower frequency are of secondary importance. Studies in Iran highlight teachers’ pivotal role in preventing and addressing maladaptive classroom behaviors. To effect meaningful change and improve the current situation, the following recommendations are proposed: integrating life skills into the curriculum, training and empowering teachers, fostering collaboration with parents, providing engaging educational platforms, establishing reporting and support systems for victims, and conducting ongoing research and evaluation. Implementing these recommendations can promote safe and healthy school environments, prevent the occurrence and spread of bullying, contribute to students’ personal growth, and foster a healthier society. It is hoped that no school will face such issues and that no teacher will need to consult this article.   References Aliyurdinia, Akbar; Sohrabi, Maryam (2015) Social analysis of bullying among students (Case study: Secondary schools in Sari). Socio-Cultural Development Studies, 4(1), 9–39. (In Persian) Bandak, Mousa et al. (2020) Effectiveness of life skills training on social adjustment and bullying reduction among middle school student athletes in Tehran. Scientific Journal of Motor and Behavioral Sciences, 3(1), 79–89. (In Persian) Bayrami, Mansour et al. (2015) Explaining bullying management strategies based on teachers’ self-efficacy: The mediating role of teachers’ beliefs and attitudes about student bullying. Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences Research, 5(1), 107–120. (In Persian) Darabi, Kourosh et al. (2024) Comparing the effectiveness of self-regulation strategies training and problem-solving skills training on self-efficacy and academic motivation of tenth-grade male students. Journal of Applied Psychological Research, 15(1), 19–36. (In Persian) Golparvar, Fereshteh; Badri, Rahim (2016) Canonical analysis of the relationship between teachers’ beliefs about student bullying and classroom management strategies. Educational Psychology Studies, 13(24), 127–150. (In Persian) Haj Hosseini, Mansoureh et al. (2017) Life skills training in vocational schools: An essential and effective strategy for reducing aggressive bullying. Education and Evaluation Journal, 10(40), 151–169. (In Persian) Nasiri, Habibollah; Jowkar, Bahram (2008) Meaningfulness of life, hope, life satisfaction, and mental health among women. Women’s Research, 6(2), 157–176. (In Persian) Serajzadeh, Seyed Hossein; Bagheri, Leila (2017) Systematic analysis of lifestyle research after the 2000s. Culture-Communication Studies, 18(37), 131–162. (In Persian) Snyder, C. R. (2002) Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 249–275.قلدری، یکی از چالش&zwnj;های مهم در محیط&zwnj;های آموزشی است که می&zwnj;تواند تأثیرات مخربی داشته باشد. این پدیده می&zwnj;تواند به شکل&zwnj;های مختلفی بروز یابد و مانع از ایجاد محیطی سالم و امن برای یادگیری گردد. هدف این مقاله، بررسی عوامل مؤثر در بروز قلدری در میان دانش&zwnj;آموزان مقطع ابتدایی و ارائه راهکارهایی برای کاهش و پیشگیری از آن است. این مطالعه با استفاده از روش مرور سیستماتیک به بررسی جامع قلدری در مدارس ابتدایی پرداخته و از طریق جست&zwnj;وجو در پایگاه&zwnj;های علمی خارجی و داخلی تعداد ۱۱۷۳ مقاله احصا شد. پس از بررسی، مقالاتی که با معیارها سازگاری داشتند، در نهایت 55 مقاله (32 مقاله داخلی و 23 مقاله خارجی) به&zwnj; عنوان نمونه برای تحلیل عمیق هدف پژوهش انتخاب شد. یافته&zwnj;ها نشان داد که عوامل فردی، خانوادگی و محیطی، در بروز قلدری، نقش مؤثر دارند. علاوه بر این نقش فناوری و شبکه&zwnj;های اجتماعی در گسترش قلدری سایبری، بارز است. نتایج این بررسی نشان می&zwnj;دهد که برای کاهش پدیدۀ قلدری در کودکان در مقطع ابتدایی، همکاری و مشارکت فراگیر میان مدارس، والدین و جامعه ضروری است. راهکارهای پیشنهادی شامل خودمدیریتی، خودکارآمدی، تنظیم هیجانی و... برای پیشگیری یا کاهش قلدری ارائه شده است.

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مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش انحرافات و مسائل اجتماعی3060-821X4122025426Interprating Social Strata’s Approaches to the Prevalence of Covid-19 in Relation to Social Resilienceخوانش رویکردهای شیوع کرونا از نگاه اقشار اجتماعی در نسبت با تاب‌آوری اجتماعی147171faعلیحاتمیمربی پژوهشی گروه جامعه‌شناسی فرهنگی پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات اجتماعی جهاددانشگاهی، تهران، ایران حسیننوری نیامربی پژوهشی گروه جامعه‌شناسی فرهنگی پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات اجتماعی جهاددانشگاهی، تهران، ایران حسن پورنیکاستادیار گروه مطالعات فناوری و جامعه پژوهشگاه مطالعات فرهنگی اجتماعی و تمدنی، تهران، ایران 2024910  Throughout history, humans have offered various interpretations of natural phenomena that impact social life, some of which have escalated into social issues. These interpretations aim to explain the causes and factors behind hazards, events, disasters, and crises. These factors can be broadly categorized into four groups: a) individual human factors, b) societal human factors, c) natural laws, and d) supernatural factors. The sociology of disaster identifies three theoretical approaches to hazards in society: first, hazards as acts of God and the result of divine will; second, as acts of nature and the result of natural laws; and third, as social processes and the outcome of intended or unintended individual, group, and institutional actions. Each approach examines hazards from a distinct perspective, explores their causes, and proposes different solutions for prevention. With the emergence of COVID-19 in Iran in February 2020, Iranian society adopted various approaches to this pandemic as a serious hazard, with all three approaches observable to varying degrees. This article seeks to examine and interpret the combination of existing approaches to the spread of COVID-19 in Iran during its prevalence. Using secondary analysis and data from the third wave of the Tehran residents’ attitudes survey toward COVID-19, the findings indicate that the public’s view of the pandemic is predominantly neither theological nor fatalistic. Most Tehran residents (63.3%) attributed the spread of COVID-19 to human and institutional factors, emphasizing the role of citizens’ behavior, organizations, institutions, and powerful countries. Approximately 23.7% viewed it as a result of natural factors, while only 13% considered it divine wrath. Notably, these approaches varied significantly across social strata. Women, more than men, tended to uphold traditional views, attributing a greater role to divine wrath. Significant differences in approaches to COVID-19 were also found based on other background variables such as age, marital status, employment status, education level, and residential area. The concept of social resilience is employed to explain societal continuity or disruption, demonstrating that Iranian society exhibits high resilience during crises, favoring continuity over collapse.   Keywords: COVID-19, Disaster, Agency, Social Strata, Social Resilience   Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic, which began in Iran in February 2020, was not only a health crisis but also a complex social phenomenon that elicited varied responses from different societal groups. This article, drawing on sociological perspectives, analyzes how various social strata interpreted this crisis and its relationship with social resilience. Disasters—whether natural like earthquakes, technological like Chernobyl, or social like wars—have had profound impacts on societies throughout modern history. Contrary to common assumptions, modernization has not prevented such events but has introduced new complexities and unforeseen dimensions. The sociology of disaster, as an interdisciplinary field, examines these phenomena through the lens of social structures, interactions, and responses, defining disasters as events causing human or material losses and disrupting core societal functions. With the onset of COVID-19 in Iran, all three approaches were observed simultaneously: some viewed it as divine punishment, others as a natural phenomenon, and some as a result of poor management or social behaviors. This article aims to analyze these approaches, their interplay with social resilience, and how Iranian society avoided collapse and sustained social continuity during this crisis. Previous studies on disasters and societal responses, both in Iran and globally, provide the theoretical foundation for this research. In Persian literature, Hekmatpanah (2012) views natural disasters as divine signs for reflection and behavioral reform, emphasizing their spiritual significance. Fajri (2009) considers disasters as divine tests that can lead to spiritual growth, strengthened faith, or warnings to humanity. Mehrain and Kianpour (2017) expand these views, proposing four approaches—theological, natural, closed rationality, and institutional—to analyze disasters, reflecting the diversity of interpretations in Iranian society. In English literature, the sociology of disaster traces its roots to events like the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, covering a broad range of topics. Fritz (1961) highlights social solidarity post-disaster, showing how such events can strengthen social bonds. Bonanno et al. (2010) explore the psychological impacts of disasters, focusing on individual resilience. Aldrich and Meyer (2014) identify trust and social resilience as key factors in post-crisis community recovery, while Frailing and Harper (2016) note increased crime and social deviance following disasters. Despite this rich background, the sociology of disaster in Iran remains in its early stages. Given Iran’s geographic and social vulnerability to disasters, interdisciplinary research in this field is limited and requires further development. This article seeks to address this gap by focusing on the COVID-19 pandemic, linking sociological perspectives with empirical data. The theoretical foundation of this study rests on two main pillars: the stages of disaster response and interpretive approaches to disasters.   Stages of Disaster Response <ol> <li>Confrontation: This stage involves initial reactions from individuals and institutions. Social inequalities significantly influence access to resources and support.</li> <li>Response: Responses vary based on individual (e.g., age, gender) and social (e.g., education) characteristics, ranging from selfishness to altruism.</li> <li>Recovery: This stage focuses on rebuilding daily life and social bonds, heavily reliant on social resilience.</li> <li>Mitigation: Involves preventive measures and planning to reduce future risks, requiring collaboration between institutions and society.</li> </ol> Approaches to Disaster Three main approaches explain the causes of disasters: <ul> <li>Divine Agency: Disasters are seen as part of God’s will, punishment, or test, potentially strengthening faith or prompting behavioral reform. This perspective is prominent in religious societies like Iran.</li> <li>Natural Agency: Disasters result from human interactions with nature or biological processes (e.g., viral transmission), emphasizing scientific and environmental factors.</li> <li>Human-Institutional Agency: Disasters are attributed to inefficient policies, structural inequalities, or inappropriate social behaviors, focusing on human responsibility.</li> </ul> Social resilience, defined as a society’s collective ability to cope with stress and return to normalcy, is a central concept in this study. Its strength depends on the dominant approach in society and the level of social cohesion. During the COVID-19 crisis, social resilience serves as a measure of how society responded to this disaster.   Methodology This study employs secondary analysis, using data from the third wave of a survey conducted by Tehran Municipality in April 2020, during the initial peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey aimed to assess Tehran residents’ attitudes toward COVID-19 and government policies, with a diverse sample of individuals over 18 years old (average age: 41.7 years; 49.5% male, 50.5% female). The sample varied in education, marital status, and occupation, making it suitable for analyzing social perspectives. Data were collected via standardized questionnaires addressing concerns about infection, support for quarantine policies, and interpretations of COVID-19’s causes. Analyzing these data enabled the identification of thought patterns and group differences, contributing to a better understanding of social resilience in crisis conditions. Findings The findings reveal diverse perspectives and reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic among Tehran residents. Only 3.4% reported direct family experience with COVID-19, but 51.4% expressed high concern about infection, indicating the crisis’s widespread psychological impact. Additionally, 75% supported continued quarantine, but 33.7% faced limited resilience due to economic challenges, such as job loss or reduced income. Approaches to COVID-19 <ul> <li>Divine Agency: 13% viewed COVID-19 as divine wrath or a test, emphasizing its spiritual significance.</li> <li>Natural Agency: 23.7% considered it a natural phenomenon resulting from biological processes.</li> <li>Human-Institutional Agency: 63.3% attributed it to human and institutional factors, including 27.7% citing government weaknesses, 18.8% public negligence, and 16.8% foreign conspiracies. This dominant approach reflects widespread criticism of social structures and behaviors.</li> </ul> Group Differences <ul> <li>Gender: Women (16.2%) were more likely than men (9.9%) to believe in divine agency, possibly linked to their social and religious roles.</li> <li>Age: Young people under 30 (74.1%) emphasized human factors, while those over 64 (26.5%) leaned toward divine factors.</li> <li>Education: Those with less than a high school diploma (31.4%) were more likely to believe in divine agency than university graduates (5.7%), indicating education’s influence on interpretations.</li> <li>Marital and Employment Status: Singles and students were less likely to believe in divine fate, focusing more on institutional factors.</li> </ul> Based on these data, four social typologies were identified: <ul> <li>Youth: Under 30, educated, and single, emphasizing human factors and critical of institutions.</li> <li>Elderly: Over 64, with a traditional tendency toward divine factors.</li> <li>Women: Often housewives and married, with a stronger inclination toward divine interpretations.</li> <li>Low-Educated: With lower education, exhibiting the highest belief in divine agency.</li> </ul>   Theoretical Explanation: Social Resilience Iranian society demonstrated significant resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Those believing in divine agency used faith and spirituality as coping mechanisms, fostering inner cohesion. Conversely, those with a human-institutional perspective engaged in civic actions, such as aiding victims or supporting healthcare workers, strengthening social bonds. Civic activities, including public donations and hospital support, reflected high social cohesion. However, trust in the government was low among those with a human-institutional perspective (55.1% lacked trust), yet this did not lead to social collapse. Instead of passivity, society moved toward continuity, rebuilding daily life through informal and civic networks. Trust and satisfaction indices were higher among divine-agency believers (51.2) than human-institutional believers (34.4), suggesting religious beliefs can serve as a resilience resource in crises.   Disscusion and Conclusion This study revealed that Tehran residents adopted three main approaches to COVID-19: divine (13%), natural (23.7%), and human-institutional (63.3%). The human-institutional approach was dominant, varying by factors such as age, gender, education, and marital status. Social resilience, as the ability to rebuild bonds and sustain daily life, was evident in Iran, countering theories of social collapse and demonstrating societal cohesion and forward movement. These findings have implications for future policymaking, highlighting the importance of strengthening public trust, leveraging civic networks, and addressing group differences to better manage crises.   References Aldrich, P. D., & Meyer, M. A. (2014) Social capital and community resilience. American Behavioral Scientist, 1–16. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764214550299">https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764214550299</a> Bonanno, G. A., Brewin, C. R., Kaniasty, K., & La Greca, A. M. (2010) Weighing the costs of disaster: Consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 11(1), 1–49. Fajri, Mohammad Mehdi. (2009) Disasters and afflictions from an Islamic perspective. Mobaleghan Journal, 116, June-July, 53–62. (In Persian) Frailing, K., & Harper, D. W. (2016) Toward a criminology of disaster. Springer. Fritz, C. E. (1961) Disaster. In R. K. Merton & R. A. Nisbet (Eds.), Contemporary social problems (pp. 651–694). Harcourt, Brace and World. Hekmatpanah, Manizheh. (2012) Investigating the causes of natural disasters and incidents from the perspective of the Quran and Hadith. National Conference on Earthquake Impact Analysis and Planning, East Azerbaijan, 21 August. (In Persian) Mehrain, Mostafa; Kianpour, Sepideh. (2017) Different theoretical approaches to societal vulnerability to natural hazards. Science Promotion Quarterly, 12, Spring-Summer, 61–78. (In Persian) Pournick, Hassan. (2021) Transformations of social relations and COVID-19: How the COVID-19 pandemic is transforming civil society relations. In COVID-19 and Iranian Society: Social Aspects, Vol. 2, edited by Mohammad Salgi et al., Tehran: Research Institute of Culture, Art, and Communications, 45–59. (In Persian) Soleimani Gharehgol, Hadi et al. (2024) In defense of society: A critical analysis of the notion of social collapse in Iran. Iranian Social Issues Quarterly, 15(1), 41–78. (In Persian)انسان در طول تاریخ در مواجهه با پدیده&zwnj;های طبیعی، تفاسیر گوناگونی ارائه داده است. در این تفاسیر تلاش شده تا به چرایی و عوامل شکل&zwnj;گیری مخاطرهها و رویدادها و سوانح و بحران&zwnj;های پیشآمده پاسخ داده شود. این عوامل را در یک تقسیم&zwnj;بندی کلی می&zwnj;توان در چهار گروه جای داد: الف) عوامل مرتبط با فرد انسانی، ب) عوامل مرتبط با جامعه انسانی، ج) عوامل و قوانین طبیعی و د) عوامل ماورءالطبیعی. جامعة ایرانی، رویکردهای مختلفی را نسبت به همهگیری کووید-19 اتخاذ کرد؛ به&zwnj; گونه&zwnj;ای که می&zwnj;توان هر سه لایه و رویکرد را با قوت و ضعف در جامعة ایران پی گرفت. مقاله حاضر به &zwnj;دنبال بررسی و خوانش ترکیب رویکردهای موجود به شیوع کرونا در ایران در دوران شیوع است. برای پاسخ به این مسئله از روش تحلیل ثانویه و از داده&zwnj;های موج سوم پیمایش نگرش مردم تهران به ویروس کرونا استفاده شده است. یافته&zwnj;ها نشان می&zwnj;دهد که نگاه مردم به شیوع کرونا، عمدتاً نگاه الهیاتی و تقدیرگرایانه نیست. بیشتر شهروندان تهرانی، عامل شیوع و گسترش کرونا را به عامل انسانی و نهادی نسبت داده&zwnj;اند؛ همچنین جامعه ایران در مواقع بحرانی، توان بالای تابآوری را نشان میدهد و تمایل به تداوم دارد تا گسست.

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