مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش انحرافات و مسائل اجتماعی3060-821X5182026715Spatial Structure Analysis and Geographic Clustering Of Suicide in Iran at the County Levelتحلیل ساختار فضایی و خوشه‌بندی جغرافیایی خودکشی در ایران در سطح شهرستان‌ها133fa زهرهشهبازی استادیار گروه روان‌شناسی اجتماعی، پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات اجتماعی جهاددانشگاهی، تهران، ایران http://orcid.org/0009-0001-2637-652xمهدیمبارکیاستادیار گروه پژوهشی توسعه اجتماعی جهاد دانشگاهی، اراک، ایران http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0515-7114202629Spatial Structure Analysis and Geographic Clustering Of Suicide in Iran at the County Level   Zohre Shahbazi<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a> Mehdi Mobaraki<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a>   Suicide, as a major public health and social concern, is not evenly distributed across geographic space and tends to exhibit distinct spatial patterns. The aim of this study is to examine the spatial structure and identify geographic clustering patterns of suicide rates at the county level in Iran in 2023. This research adopts a quantitative, cross-sectional spatial analysis approach, with counties serving as the unit of analysis. The study covers 450 counties across the country, and the main variable is the suicide rate per 100,000 population. After data cleaning and spatial linkage to county-level geographic boundaries, spatial analyses were conducted. Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) techniques were employed, including Global Moran’s I to assess overall spatial autocorrelation, Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) to identify local clustering patterns, and Getis–Ord Gi* statistics to detect spatial hotspots and cold spots. The results of Global Moran’s I indicate a statistically significant positive spatial autocorrelation in suicide rates across Iranian counties, suggesting a non-random spatial distribution. LISA analysis reveals the presence of distinct high–high and low–low clusters, as well as spatial outliers, highlighting substantial local heterogeneity in suicide rates. In addition, hotspot analysis identifies statistically significant concentrations of high and low suicide rates in specific geographic areas, some of which overlap with the clusters detected by LISA. Overall, the findings demonstrate pronounced spatial inequality and geographic concentration in suicide rates at the county level in Iran, underscoring the importance of incorporating spatial perspectives into suicide research and prevention policies. While the study is descriptive in nature and does not address causal mechanisms, its results provide a spatially explicit foundation for future explanatory studies and regionally targeted public health interventions.   Keywords: Suicide, Spatial Analysis, Geographic Clustering, LISA, Hotspot Analysis, Iran.   Introduction Over the past three decades, suicide has gradually emerged as one of the major social health challenges in Iran. Although suicide is often examined through national averages and macro-level indicators, growing evidence suggests that it is not distributed evenly across geographical space. Instead, suicide demonstrates clear spatial disparities, with some regions experiencing substantially higher levels of risk than others. In this context, suicide should not be understood solely as an individual act or psychological phenomenon; rather, it is deeply intertwined with structural, economic, social, and spatial conditions. Contemporary scholars in sociology, social epidemiology, and human geography increasingly emphasizes that space is not merely the setting in which social phenomena occur, but an active dimension in the production and reproduction of inequality and social harm. Factors such as unemployment, poverty, regional deprivation, social disintegration, weakened social capital, migration pressures, and unequal access to opportunities may accumulate geographically and create localized concentrations of social vulnerability. Consequently, the risk of suicide may become spatially clustered rather than randomly dispersed. International research has repeatedly demonstrated that suicide tends to follow identifiable spatial patterns. Studies conducted in countries such as the United States, China, Japan, South Korea, Canada, and India have shown that suicide rates often exhibit significant spatial autocorrelation and cluster formation. High-risk clusters are frequently associated with economic marginalization, social isolation, unequal development, weak community cohesion, and structural disadvantages. In Iran, recent empirical studies have similarly highlighted the uneven spatial distribution of suicide. Existing evidence suggests that western provinces and certain northern regions experience relatively higher levels of suicide risk. However, despite these advances, most Iranian studies remain limited to the provincial scale and therefore fail to capture intra-provincial heterogeneity. In addition, many domestic studies rely primarily on descriptive mapping and have not systematically employed advanced spatial statistical techniques to identify statistically significant spatial clusters. As a result, there is still no comprehensive national-level study that systematically examines the spatial structure of suicide at the county level using standardized spatial analytical methods. This gap is particularly important from a policy perspective. When policy interventions rely solely on national or provincial averages, local disparities and high-risk areas remain hidden, leading to generalized and often ineffective prevention strategies. Spatial analysis, by contrast, can help identify geographically concentrated areas of risk and provide a stronger basis for targeted, place-based interventions. Accordingly, the present study aims to analyze the spatial structure and geographical clustering of suicide across Iranian counties in 2023. The central research question is whether suicide rates in Iranian counties exhibit significant spatial patterns and whether meaningful high-risk and low-risk clusters can be identified across the national territory?   Theoretical Framework This study draws upon an integrated theoretical framework combining classical sociology, contemporary social health theories, and social geography. Among classical sociological perspectives, Durkheim’s theory of suicide remains one of the most influential foundations for understanding suicide as a social phenomenon. Durkheim argued that suicide rates are shaped not merely by individual characteristics but by broader patterns of social integration and social regulation. Contemporary reinterpretations of Durkheim emphasize that these mechanisms also operate spatially. Regions characterized by economic instability, unemployment, social fragmentation, migration pressures, and weakened social institutions may experience higher levels of anomie and social disorganization, thereby increasing vulnerability to suicide. In contrast, areas with stronger social capital, collective efficacy, social trust, and supportive community networks may demonstrate greater resilience and lower suicide rates. Theories of social geography and spatial justice further argue that space itself is socially produced, and that unequal spatial distribution of resources, services, opportunities, and risks contributes to differentiated social outcomes. From this perspective, spatial concentrations of deprivation and inequality can generate geographically concentrated forms of social harm, including suicide. The ecological perspective associated with the Chicago School also contributes to this analysis by emphasizing the role of neighborhood transition, population instability, weakened informal control, and erosion of local social networks in generating spatial concentrations of social problems. Based on this theoretical framework, the present study assumes that suicide is shaped through a multi-level process. At the macro level, structural pressures such as economic inequality and social instability increase the likelihood of self-harming behavior. At the mesa level, forms of social regulation such as social capital, social cohesion, and collective efficacy mediate or intensify these pressures. At the spatial level, geographical concentration of resources and deprivation creates spatial dependency and cluster formation. Therefore, it is expected that suicide rates across Iranian counties will display statistically significant spatial autocorrelation and identifiable geographical clusters.   Methodology The present study employs quantitative cross-sectional spatial analytical design. Analysis unit consists of 450 counties across Iran in the year 2023. The primary variable examined in this study is the suicide rate per 100,000 population at the county level. Data on suicide cases were obtained from official institutional sources, while population data were derived from the Statistical Center of Iran. Following data cleaning and harmonization of spatial codes, the statistical data were linked to county-level geographical layers. To investigate the spatial structure of suicide, a set of exploratory spatial analysis techniques was employed. First, the spatial distribution of suicide rates was examined descriptively through thematic mapping. Subsequently, Global Moran’s I statistics were used to assess the existence of spatial autocorrelation at the national level. This index measures whether similar values tend to cluster geographically. After confirming the presence of spatial autocorrelation, Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) were applied to identify local spatial clusters and spatial outliers. This technique allows classification of counties into high-high clusters, low-low clusters, high-low outliers, and low-high outliers. Additionally, the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic was employed to identify statistically significant hot spots and cold spots of suicide rates. All analyses were conducted using a spatial weight matrix based on geographical contiguity. Statistical significance was assessed at the 0.05 level. Spatial analyses and data processing were carried out using GeoDa software.   Findings Descriptive findings revealed substantial variation in suicide rates across Iranian counties. The mean suicide rate was 0.69 per 100,000 population, while the maximum recorded rate reached 3.03. Several counties reported zero cases, which may partly reflect small population sizes or differences in reporting mechanisms. Initial examination of the spatial distribution map demonstrated that suicide rates were not evenly distributed across the country. Certain areas exhibited noticeably higher or lower rates than the national average, suggesting potential spatial clustering. Results of the Global Moran’s I analysis confirmed the existence of statistically significant positive spatial autocorrelation. The Moran’s I value was 0.3269, with a Z-score of 11.18 and a significance level below 0.01. These findings indicate that counties with similar suicide rates tend to be geographically adjacent and that the spatial distribution of suicide in Iran is non-random. The LISA analysis further revealed distinct local clustering patterns. A total of 46 counties were identified as high-high clusters, meaning that counties with high suicide rates were surrounded by neighboring counties with similarly high rates. These high-risk clusters were concentrated primarily in western and southwestern regions of Iran. Counties located in provinces such as Ilam, Kermanshah, Lorestan, Khuzestan, and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad formed major parts of these high-risk spatial clusters. In contrast, 62 counties were identified as low-low clusters, indicating concentrations of low suicide rates surrounded by similarly low-risk neighboring areas. These low-risk clusters were primarily located in eastern, southeastern, and parts of northern Iran, including regions within Sistan and Baluchistan, Razavi Khorasan, Golestan, and the Caspian coastal areas. The analysis also identified spatial outliers. High-low counties exhibited high suicide rates despite being located among lower-risk neighboring counties, while low-high counties displayed the opposite pattern. These spatial anomalies suggest that local contextual factors may produce distinct patterns even within broader high-risk or low-risk regions. Results of the Getis-Ord Gi* hot spot analysis largely confirmed the findings of the LISA analysis. Significant hot spots were concentrated in western and southwestern Iran, while cold spots were predominantly observed in eastern and southeastern regions. The considerable overlap between high-high clusters and hot spots indicates relative stability and persistence of spatial concentration patterns.   Discussion and Conclusion The findings of this study demonstrate that suicide in Iran follows a clear and statistically significant spatial structure. The existence of positive spatial autocorrelation and the identification of high-risk and low-risk clusters indicate that geographical context plays a substantial role in shaping suicide patterns. From a theoretical perspective, the concentration of high-risk clusters in specific regions can be interpreted through concepts such as social anomie, structural deprivation, weakened social integration, and spatial concentration of inequality.   References Ackermann, K., Erhardt, J., & Freitag, M. (2023) Crafting Social Integration? Welfare State and Volunteering Across Social Groups and Policy Areas in 23 European Countries. 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Public Mental Health, 14. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1174071">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1174071</a>.     <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> Corresponding Author: Assistant Professor, Department of Social Psychology, Institute for Humanities and Social Studies (IHSS) in ACECR, Tehran, Iran. https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2637-652x Shahbazi@acecr.ac.ir <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">**</a> Assistant Professor, Department of Social Development Research, ACECR, Arak, Iran. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0515-7114  Mobaraki@acecr.ac.irخودکشی به &zwnj;عنوان یکی از چالش&zwnj;های مهم سلامت اجتماعی، در سطح جغرافیایی به&zwnj;&zwnj; طور یکنواخت توزیع نمی&zwnj;شود و الگوهای مکانی متمایزی را نشان می&zwnj;دهد. هدف این پژوهش، تحلیل ساختار فضایی و شناسایی خوشه&zwnj;های مکانی نرخ خودکشی در شهرستان&zwnj;های ایران طی سال ۱۴۰۲ است. مطالعه حاضر از نوع کمّی با رویکرد تحلیل فضایی مقطعی بوده، واحد تحلیل آن ۴۵۰ شهرستان کشور است. متغیر اصلی، نرخ خودکشی به &zwnj;ازای هر صدهزار نفر جمعیت بود که پس از پالایش داده&zwnj;ها و اتصال به لایه&zwnj;های جغرافیایی بررسی شد. برای تحلیل الگوهای مکانی، مجموعه&zwnj;ای از روش&zwnj;های تحلیل فضایی اکتشافی شامل شاخص خودهمبستگی فضایی کلی موران، شاخص&zwnj;های خودهمبستگی فضایی محلی و تحلیل نقاط داغ و سرد به &zwnj;کار گرفته شد. نتایج آزمون موران نشان داد که توزیع نرخ خودکشی در سطح شهرستان&zwnj;ها دارای خودهمبستگی فضایی مثبت و معنادار است و از الگوی تصادفی تبعیت نمی&zwnj;کند. یافته&zwnj;های تحلیل محلی نیز وجود خوشه&zwnj;های پرخطر و کم&zwnj;خطر فضایی و الگوهای واگرای مکانی را در بخش&zwnj;هایی از کشور آشکار ساخت. علاوه بر این، نتایج تحلیل نقاط داغ و سرد بیانگر تمرکزهای مکانی معنادار نرخ&zwnj;های بالا و پایین خودکشی بود که در برخی نواحی با خوشه&zwnj;های شناسایی&zwnj;شده همپوشانی داشتند. این نتایج بر ناهمگنی و تمرکز فضایی نرخ خودکشی در ایران دلالت داشته، ضرورت توجه به بعد مکانی در تحلیل&zwnj;ها و سیاست&zwnj;گذاری&zwnj;های پیشگیرانه را برجسته می&zwnj;سازد.

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مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش انحرافات و مسائل اجتماعی3060-821X5182026715The Roots and Causes of Suicide in Iranian Society: An Overview of National Surveys (2002–2025)ریشه و دلایل خودکشی در جامعه ایرانی: مروری بر پیمایش‌های ملی (1381 الی 1404)3565faطاهاعشایری دانشیار گروه جامعه¬شناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایرانhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-8210-8899علیمیرزاپوردانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4392-2301 2026219The Roots and Causes of Suicide in Iranian Society: An Overview of National Surveys (2002–2025)   Taha Ashayeri<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a>  Ali Mirzapour<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a>   Suicide, as a complex social harm, results from the interaction of multidimensional factors and has been on the rise in Iranian society. This study aims to systematically explain and analyze the social, cultural, economic, and psychological factors influencing suicidal tendencies in Iran. The research method employed was a quantitative meta-analysis. Through systematic searches in the SID, Magiran, and IranDoc databases, 32 valid studies from the period 2002 to 2025 were selected. Data were analyzed using CMA software version 3 with a random-effects model. The findings indicate that social factors (family conflicts, substance abuse, social capital, social pressures, social deprivation, and history of deviant behavior), cultural factors (cultural capital, media consumption, risky lifestyles, religiosity, literacy, and cultural awareness), economic factors (class inequality, unemployment, economic instability, and inflation), and psychological factors (social isolation, self-confidence, social hope, and sense of worth) have significantly influenced the tendency toward suicide during 2002–2025. The conclusion emphasizes that preventive interventions should focus on strengthening social and cultural capitals (especially religiosity and support networks) and reducing structural risk factors (inequality, isolation, and risky lifestyles).   Keywords: Suicide, Social Capital, Religiosity, Class Inequality, Social Isolation.   Introduction Suicide refers to the intentional act of ending one’s own life and is widely recognized as a preventable phenomenon with profound consequences for individuals, families, and societies. A wide range of social, cultural, and contextual conditions influence mental health outcomes and may increase the likelihood of suicidal behavior. Cultural norms, collective traditions, and social environments can therefore shape suicide-related behaviors and provide a basis for prevention strategies. In legal and medical contexts, suicide is identified when evidence confirms that an individual intentionally performed an act to end their life. Suicidal behavior is generally understood as the outcome of complex interactions among psychological vulnerabilities and broader social and economic conditions. Factors such as poverty, developmental inequalities, and public health crises can influence suicide patterns, although their impact varies across socio-cultural contexts. In addition, cultural norms, poverty, and limited social awareness, along with family conflicts, social disintegration, depression, anxiety, and substance abuse, have been identified as important risk factors. Globally, suicide remains a major public health concern, accounting for approximately 800,000 deaths annually and occurring particularly among young people aged 15–25. From a sociological perspective, Durkheim conceptualized suicide as a social fact shaped by structural conditions rather than merely individual issues. Subsequent studies have emphasized the role of broader social contexts such as welfare systems, family structures, and employment opportunities as the reasons of suicide. In Iran, suicide has increased in recent years. Between 2011 and 2021 (1390–1400), the annual average of suicide reached 3,616 cases, rising from 2,598 to 5,085, indicating a clear upward trend. Despite numerous studies on suicide conducted between 2002 and 2025 (1381–1404), findings remain fragmented and lack of theoretical integration. Therefore, this study employs a quantitative meta-analysis to synthesize previous empirical research and identify the most significant social, cultural, economic, and psychological determinants of suicidal tendencies in Iran.     Theoretical Framework Suicide has long been conceptualized as a multidimensional phenomenon shaped by the interaction of social, psychological, cultural, and biological factors. Although the term derives from the Latin sui (self) and caedere (to kill) sociological approaches emphasize that suicide cannot be reduced to an individual or pathological act. Durkheim regarded suicide as a social fact reflecting dysfunctions within the social structure rather than merely personal pathology. Contemporary institutional definitions similarly define suicide as intentional self-inflicted death while distinguishing suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and completed suicide. Suicidal behavior encompasses a broad spectrum including suicidal ideation, self-harm, symbolic gestures, interrupted attempts, near-lethal attempts, and completed suicide .In this framework, suicidal ideation may involve verbal expressions of self-destructive intent or non-lethal self-injurious.Consequently, suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury have become major areas of sociological and medical inquiry .Among sociological theories, Durkheim’s Suicide theory (1897) remains foundational. Through comparative statistical analysis, he argued that suicide rates are shaped by broader social conditions rather than solely by individual psychology. Durkheim identified two central structural dimensions: social integration, referring to individuals’ attachment to collective life, and social regulation, referring to normative constraints governing behavior. Balanced levels of both dimensions maintain social order, whereas imbalance increases suicide risk. Based on these dimensions, Durkheim identified four types of suicide: egoistic suicide resulting from weak integration, altruistic suicide from excessive integration, anomic suicide from weakened regulation during periods of instability, and fatalistic suicide from excessive regulation and oppressive control. Accordingly, suicide reflects broader structural dynamics and the relationship between individuals and society rather than merely individual pathology.   Methodology This study utilizes a quantitative meta-analysis to systematically synthesize empirical research on determinants of suicidal tendencies in Iran. The statistical population comprises 70 studies published between 2002 and 2025 (1381–1404), with 32 selected through purposive sampling based on inclusion criteria emphasizing relevance and availability of quantitative data such as effect sizes, correlations, or significance values. Studies lacking sufficient quantitative data or methodological clarity were excluded. Systematic searches were conducted in major Iranian academic databases (Magiran, NoorMags, SID, Humanities Research Institute), supplemented by accessible sampling to ensure comprehensive coverage. Data extraction and coding were rigorously performed from selected studies. Data analysis employed Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software. A random-effects model was used to accommodate heterogeneity across studies and estimate pooled effect sizes, elucidating the relationship between social, cultural, economic, and psychological factors and suicidal tendencies in Iran.   Findings The meta-analytic results indicate that all examined categories of variables show statistically significant relationships with suicidal tendencies in Iran (p < 0.001). Among social factors, family conflicts demonstrate a positive relationship with suicidal tendencies (effect size = 0.183), suggesting that heightened familial tensions increase the likelihood of suicidal inclinations. Similarly, weak social support and social isolation were associated with increased suicidal tendencies, reflecting the importance of social integration and interpersonal networks in protecting individuals from suicide risk. Regarding cultural factors, variables such as cultural norms, value conflicts, and social stigma surrounding mental health also showed significant associations with suicidal tendencies. These findings highlight the role of cultural expectations, traditional norms, and community attitudes in shaping individuals’ coping strategies and help-seeking behaviors. Economic factors likewise demonstrated meaningful relationships with suicidal tendencies. Conditions such as unemployment, economic insecurity, and financial stress were positively associated with suicide risk, indicating that structural economic pressures and material deprivation can intensify feelings of hopelessness and social marginalization. Finally, psychological factors showed some of the strongest associations with suicidal tendencies. Variables including depression, anxiety, hopelessness, and substance abuse were significantly related to suicide risk, underscoring the interaction between psychological vulnerability and broader social conditions. Overall, the meta-analysis demonstrates that suicidal tendencies in Iran are shaped by the combined influence of social, cultural, economic, and psychological determinants, reflecting the multidimensional nature of suicide as both a psychosocial and structural phenomenon.   Discussion and Conclusion Suicide in Iranian society transcends an individual psychological crisis, representing structural dysfunctions in social integration, cultural meaning, and economic stability. This meta-analysis reveals that suicidal tendencies arise from the interplay of social pressures, economic insecurity, diminishing social capital, and psychological vulnerabilities. The uneven suicide risk among youth, women, and marginalized populations underscores the structural dimension of this issue. Social determinants such as family conflicts and substance abuse elevate suicide risk by undermining primary support systems, whereas social capital serves as a crucial protective factor. Echoing Durkheim’s social integration and Merton’s strain theory, pressures amplify when culturally valued goals—like employment and family formation—are unattainable (Durkheim, 1897; Merton, 1938). Social deprivation and deviant behaviors further reflect marginalization, increasing psychosocial vulnerability. Cultural factors yield dual effects: religiosity is the strongest protective influence, offering moral frameworks that alleviate existential despair. Cultural capital and literacy bolster cognitive resilience, whereas high-risk lifestyles and suicide-related media exposure heighten vulnerability, especially among youths navigating normative uncertainty in social transition. Economic variables, including class inequality, unemployment, inflation, and instability, highlight how structural economic stresses foster suicidal tendencies. These contribute to relative deprivation and economic anomie, particularly where social status is tied to occupational identity. Psychological dimensions—social isolation, low self-confidence, reduced social hope, and diminished self-worth—mirror the internalization of structural inequalities. Aligned with Honneth’s recognition theory, lack of social acknowledgment deepens identity crises, escalating suicide risk. In sum, suicide in Iran is a multidimensional phenomenon shaped by interlinked social, cultural, economic, and psychological factors. Prevention demands integrated strategies: strengthening community networks, expanding economic opportunities, nurturing cultural resilience, and promoting psychological well-being through coordinated social and health policies.   References Arafat, S. M. Y. & Kar, S. K. 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Geography and Urban Planning Quarterly, 15(58), 89–110. <a href="https://faculty.kashanu.ac.ir/vafaei/fa/articlesInPublications/18335">https://faculty.kashanu.ac.ir/vafaei/fa/articlesInPublications/18335</a> (In Persian)     <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> Corresponding Author: Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences,University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran.  <a href="mailto:t.ashayeri@uma.ac.ir">t.ashayeri@uma.ac.ir</a> https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8210-8899 <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">*</a>* M.A. Student in Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabili, Iran. <a href="mailto:Alimirzapour027@gmail.com">Alimirzapour027@gmail.com</a>  https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4392-2301خودکشی به &zwnj;عنوان یک آسیب اجتماعی پیچیده، ناشی از تعامل عوامل چندبُعدی است که در جامعه ایرانی، روند روزافزونی دارد. این پژوهش با هدف تبیین و تحلیل نظام&zwnj;مند عوامل اجتماعی، فرهنگی، اقتصادی و روانی مؤثر بر گرایش به خودکشی در ایران انجام شده است. روش تحقیق، فراتحلیل کمّی بود که با جست&zwnj;وجوی سیستماتیک در پایگاه&zwnj;های اطلاعاتی SID، Magiran و IranDoc، 32 مطالعه معتبر در بازه زمانی 1381 تا 1404 انتخاب شد. داده&zwnj;ها با نرم&zwnj;افزارهای CMA نسخه 3 و با استفاده از مدل اثرات تصادفی تحلیل شد. یافته&zwnj;ها نشان داد که عوامل اجتماعی (اختلافات خانوادگی، مصرف موادمخدر، سرمایه اجتماعی، فشارهای اجتماعی، محرومیت اجتماعی و سابقه رفتار انحرافی)، فرهنگی (سرمایه فرهنگی، مصرف رسانه&zwnj;ای، سبک زندگی پرخطر، دین&zwnj;داری، سواد و آگاهی فرهنگی)، اقتصادی (نابرابری طبقاتی، بیکاری، بی&zwnj;ثباتی اقتصادی و تورم) و عوامل روانی (انزوای اجتماعی، اعتماد به &zwnj;نفس، امیدواری اجتماعی و احساس ارزشمندی) در گرایش به خودکشی طی سال&zwnj;های 1381-1404 تأثیرگذار بوده است. نتیجه&zwnj;گیری نشان داد که مداخلات پیشگیرانه باید بر تقویت سرمایه&zwnj;های اجتماعی و فرهنگی (به&zwnj;ویژه دین&zwnj;داری و شبکه&zwnj;های حمایتی) و کاهش عوامل خطر ساختاری (نابرابری، انزوا و سبک زندگی پرخطر) متمرکز شوند.

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مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش انحرافات و مسائل اجتماعی3060-821X5182026715Examining the Relationship Between the Human Development Index and Suicide Rates at Provincial Level in Iran: A Secondary Analysis of Official Statistics (2011–2021)بررسی رابطه بین شاخص توسعۀ انسانی و نرخ خودکشی استان‌های کشور: تحلیل ثانویۀ آمارهای 1390- 14006797fa اسماعیل جهانی دولت آبادعضو هیات علمی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران0000-0001-8983-448Xحسینحیدریاستادیار گروه جامعه شناسی پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات اجتماعی جهاددانشگاهی00000002376324292026214Examining the Relationship Between the Human Development Index and Suicide Rates at Provincial Level in Iran: A Secondary Analysis of Official Statistics (2011–2021)   Esmaeil Jahanidolatabad<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a> Hossein Heidari<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a>   The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between the Human Development Index and suicide rates across the provinces of Iran. The research employed a secondary data analysis approach, with suicide data obtained from the Legal Medicine Organization and human development indicators extracted from the World Health Organization. Findings indicate that suicide rates at both national and provincial levels exhibited an increasing trend during the 2011–2021 decade. Results reveal a positive and statistically significant relationship between the Human Development Index and suicide rates, such that provinces with higher levels of human development, on average, displayed higher suicide rates. Among the sub-indices, the education and income components show positive and significant associations with suicide rates, whereas the health index does not demonstrate a significant relationship. Moreover, changes in the Human Development Index particularly changes in the education index over the study period are positively and significantly correlated with increases in provincial suicide rates. Regression analysis indicates that the combination of human development variables explains 40% of the variance in suicide rates, with changes in the education and income indices contributing the most. These results suggest that human development in Iran is not necessarily associated with reductions in social harms and, at certain levels, correlates with increased psychological pressures, social fragmentation, and crises of meaning, highlighting the need to reconceptualize human development with an emphasis on the quality of social relations, distributive justice, and social cohesion.   Keywords: Human Development Index; Education; Income; Suicide Rate; Secondary Analysis.   Introduction Since its emergence, sociology has been concerned with understanding the formation of social order, collective cohesion, and the conditions under which accepted norms are disrupted. From this perspective, phenomena such as suicide, addiction, delinquency, and other forms of social deviance are not regarded as merely individual behaviors; rather, they are reflections of the structural, cultural, and institutional arrangements of a society. Emphasizing the social nature of suicide, Durkheim demonstrated that this phenomenon should not be analyzed solely at the individual psychological level, but must be examined in relation to the degree of social integration and regulation. Merton, in turn, conceptualized deviance as the outcome of a discrepancy between culturally prescribed goals and the legitimate means of achieving them, showing that unequal structural conditions can foster the emergence of deviant behaviors. The central question of the present study is whether improvements in human development indicators in Iran’s provinces necessarily lead to a reduction in social harms, or whether, under specific social and cultural conditions, this relationship may be different, complex, or even reversed. From this vantage point, suicide is not simply an individual or psychological phenomenon; it is a social event shaped by macro-structures of development, inequality, quality of life, and institutional transformations. A considerable body of international research has sought to examine the relationships between development, education, income, health, and various social outcomes. A strand of this literature assumes that increasing levels of human development should naturally be accompanied by reductions in harms such as poverty, violence, and suicide, given that development enhances both access to resources and quality of life. However, empirical findings have not consistently confirmed such a straightforward relationship. In some cases, economic and social growth has been accompanied by rising expectations, competitive pressures, status inequalities, and the erosion of traditional support systems, thereby contributing to increases in certain social problems, including suicide. In Iran, the absence of provincial and longitudinal studies that simultaneously investigate the relationship between the Human Development Index and its components (income, education, and health) and suicide rates has imposed serious limitations on understanding the mechanisms underlying this socio-psychological phenomenon. This gap becomes particularly salient in light of the substantial economic, cultural, and social differences across provinces. Each province exhibits distinct conditions with respect to economic opportunities, educational attainment, access to health services, and social support networks, all of which may alter the shape and intensity of the relationship between human development and suicide. Accordingly, the main research question of this study is whether the Human Development Index and its components were associated with suicide rates in Iran’s provinces during the decade 2011–2021, and, if so, what patterns and mechanisms characterize this relationship. Addressing this question can provide a basis for formulating more effective policies for suicide prevention and for promoting psychosocial well-being at the provincial level.   Methodology This study employs an analytical–exploratory design and is based on the secondary analysis of official statistics. Data on suicide were obtained from the Iranian Legal Medicine Organization, and data related to human development indicators were drawn from World Health Organization (WHO) sources. The temporal scope of the study covers the years 2011 to 2021, and the unit of analysis is the provinces of Iran. In this research, the dependent variable is the provincial suicide rate, while the main independent variable is the Human Development Index and its components, namely education, income, and health. Relying on statistical methods, the article examines the relationships among these variables and, in particular, uses regression analysis to assess the extent to which variations in suicide rates can be explained by human development indicators. The use of secondary analysis allows the researcher to address new research questions without collecting primary data, by drawing on existing statistical sources—an approach that is especially important in macro-level and regional social studies. Accordingly, the study has a cross-sectional comparative character at the provincial level, even though the data have been collected and analyzed over a multi-year period. The methodological logic of the article is to compare provinces and track changes in the Human Development Index and suicide rates over time in order to identify patterns of correlation and influence between them. The statistical results derived from these analyses are used to test the research hypotheses.   Findings The findings of the article indicate that during the 2010s, suicide rates increased at both the national and provincial levels. This result suggests that, contrary to common expectations, suicide in Iran followed an upward trend over the study period and cannot be regarded as a problem confined to only a few specific provinces. Furthermore, the results show a positive and statistically significant relationship between the Human Development Index and suicide rates; in other words, in provinces with higher levels of human development, suicide rates were in many cases also higher. At the component level, the findings are likewise noteworthy. The article reports that education and income are positively and significantly associated with suicide rates, whereas the health component is not statistically significant. This result is particularly important, as it demonstrates that not all dimensions of human development are related to suicide in the same way. Some components especially education and income—may, through specific social mechanisms, be linked to an increase in psycho-social harms. Conversely, the non-significance of the health component may indicate that, at the provincial level, its effect on suicide is neither direct nor obvious, or that it is shaped by other mediating variables. The findings also show that changes in the Human Development Index, particularly in the education component, are positively correlated with increases in suicide rates. This suggests that development in its conventional sense, at least within the Iranian social context, has not necessarily led to a reduction in social problems and, in some cases, has been accompanied by rising tensions and harms. One of the key quantitative results of the study is that the regression model explains 40 percent of the variance in suicide rates. This proportion reflects a relatively substantial explanatory power of the model, although a considerable share of the variation in suicide rates remains dependent on other factors.   Discussion In the discussion section, the article emphasizes that the relationship between human development and suicide in Iran is neither simple nor linear. Contrary to the common expectation that improvements in human development should lead to a reduction in social harms, the findings indicate that within the Iranian context, increases in certain human development indicators have been accompanied by higher suicide rates. This pattern may be explained through several social mechanisms. First, development may raise expectations, intensify social comparisons, and generate pressures for success. Second, the expansion of education and income if not accompanied by social justice, cultural cohesion, and institutional support may produce new inequalities and feelings of relative deprivation. Third, developmental transformations may weaken traditional patterns of social support and solidarity. The findings are implicitly consistent with perspectives that emphasize the dual nature of development: development is not only a source of opportunities but also a potential generator of tension, pressure, and social harm. In this regard, the article demonstrates that the Human Development Index in Iran does not necessarily reflect a comprehensive improvement in social well-being. Relying solely on increases in education or income cannot automatically be expected to reduce suicide rates. Rather, it is necessary to incorporate factors such as the quality of social institutions, distributive justice, psychosocial support systems, and social capital into the analysis. In conclusion, the study suggests that human development in Iran has not necessarily been accompanied by a reduction in social harms, including suicide. Therefore, social policy should avoid a one-dimensional approach to development and should distinguish between the growth of quantitative indicators and their actual social consequences. Accordingly, the study implicitly recommends that efforts to address suicide should not focus solely on expanding education or income levels; instead, greater attention should be given to strengthening social cohesion, reducing inequalities, expanding mental health services, and reforming supportive social policies.   References Antonakakis, N., & Gupta, R. (2017) Is economic policy uncertainty related to suicide rates? Evidence from the United States. Social Indicators Research, 133(2), 543-560. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1384-4">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1384-4</a>. Arafat, S. Y., Marthoenis, M., Khan, M. M., & Rezaeian, M. (2022) Association between suicide rate and human development index, income, and the political system in 46 Muslim-majority countries: An ecological study. European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education, 12(7), 754-764. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe12070055">https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe12070055</a>. 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(2014) The World Health Organization’s report on suicide: a fundamental step in worldwide suicide prevention. <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1027/0227-5910/a000293">https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000293</a>. Giddens, A. (1990) The consequences of modernity. Stanford University Press. Harvey, D. (2005) A brief history of neoliberalism. Oxford University Press. Inglehart, R. (1997) Modernization and post modernization: Cultural, economic, and political change in 43 societies. Princeton University Press. Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2005) World Values Survey: Cultural change and human development. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790881">https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790881</a>. Jahani Dolatabad, E., Ashayeri, T. and Shiri, M. (2023) Examining the Relationship between Macroeconomic Indicators and Suicide Rates in the Country's Provinces: Secondary Analysis of 2011-2021 Statistics. Strategic Research on Social Problems, 12(3), 41-62. 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[In Persian]  <a href="https://doi.org/10.32598/refahj.23.90.4311.1">https://doi.org/10.32598/refahj.23.90.4311.1</a>. Shah, A. (2009) The relationship between elderly suicide rates and the human development index: a cross-national study of secondary data from the World Health Organization and the United Nations. International psychogeriatrics, 21(1), 69-77. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610208007527">https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610208007527</a>. Shah, A., Padayatchi, M., & Das, K. (2008) The relationship between elderly suicide rates and elderly dependency ratios: a cross-national study using data from the WHO data bank. International Psychogeriatrics, 20(3), 596-604. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S104161020700628X">https://doi.org/10.1017/S104161020700628X</a>. Weber, M. (1978) Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology (G. Roth & C. Wittich, Eds.). University of California Press. (Original work published 1922). Zarani F, Ahmadi Z. (2021) Suicide in Iranian culture: A systematic review study. Rooyesh. 10(9), 205-216. [In Persian] <a href="https://doi.org/10.22108/srspi.2023.138482.1921">https://doi.org/20.1001.1.2383353.1400.10.9.1.7</a>.       <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> Associate Professor, Department of History and Sociology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. <a href="mailto:sml.jahani@uma.ac.ir">sml.jahani@uma.ac.ir</a> http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8983-448X <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">**</a> Corresponding Author: Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Institute for Humanities and social Studies in ACECR, Tehran, Iran. <a href="mailto:heidari@acecr.ac.ir">heidari@acecr.ac.ir</a>               https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3763-2429هدف این پژوهش، تحلیل رابطۀ بین شاخص توسعۀ انسانی و نرخ خودکشی در استان&zwnj;های کشور است. روش پژوهش تحلیل ثانویه بوده، داده&zwnj;های مربوط به خودکشی از سازمان پزشکی قانونی و شاخص&zwnj;های توسعۀ انسانی از سازمان بهداشت جهانی استخراج شده&zwnj;اند. یافته&zwnj;ها نشان می&zwnj;دهد که نرخ خودکشی در سطح ملی و استانی طی دهۀ ۱۳۹۰، روندی افزایشی دارد. نتایج بیانگر وجود رابطۀ مثبت و معنادار میان شاخص توسعۀ انسانی و نرخ خودکشی است؛ به &zwnj;گونه&zwnj;ای که استان&zwnj;های برخوردار از سطوح بالاتر توسعۀ انسانی، به&zwnj; طور متوسط نرخ&zwnj;های بالاتری از خودکشی را نشان داده&zwnj;اند. در میان زیرشاخص&zwnj;ها، دو مؤلفۀ آموزش و درآمد، رابطۀ مثبت و معنادار با نرخ خودکشی داشتهاند، در حالی&zwnj; که شاخص سلامت، رابطۀ معناداری با این متغیر ندارد. همچنین تغییرات شاخص توسعۀ انسانی و به&zwnj;ویژه تغییرات شاخص آموزش در طول دهۀ مورد مطالعه، همبستگی مثبت و معناداری با افزایش نرخ خودکشی در استان&zwnj;ها داشته&zwnj;اند. نتایج مدل رگرسیونی نشان می&zwnj;دهد که ترکیب متغیرهای توسعۀ انسانی، ۴۰ درصد از واریانس نرخ خودکشی را تبیین کرده است و در این میان، تغییرات شاخص آموزش و شاخص درآمد، بیشترین نقش را دارند. نتایج نشان داد که توسعۀ انسانی در ایران لزوماً با کاهش آسیب&zwnj;های اجتماعی همراه نبوده و در برخی سطوح، با افزایش فشارهای روانی، گسست اجتماعی و بحران معنا همبستگی دارد؛ امری که ضرورت بازاندیشی در مفهوم توسعۀ انسانی با تأکید بر کیفیت روابط اجتماعی، عدالت توزیعی و انسجام اجتماعی را برجسته می&zwnj;سازد.

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مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش انحرافات و مسائل اجتماعی3060-821X5182026715Suicide: “Easy Death” or “Protest Action”? A Sociological Analysis of Coping Strategies Against Suicide Attempts Among Youth in Pakdashtخودکشی: مرگ آسان یا کنش اعتراضی: تحلیل جامعه‌شناختی استراتژی‌های مواجهه با خودکشی در بین جوانان پاکدشت99128faاردشیر بهرامیدکتری تخصصی جامعه‌شناسی مسائل اجتماعی ایران، مرکز تحصیلات تکمیلی دانشگاه پیام نور، ایرانhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-9670-592320251222Suicide: “Easy Death” or “Protest Action”? A Sociological Analysis of Coping Strategies Against Suicide Attempts Among Youth in Pakdasht   Ardeshir Bahrami<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a>   Suicide, particularly among young people in Iran, has become a significant public health concern. This study focuses on Pakdasht County (where 62 cases of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts were recorded between 1397 and 1400, based on Social Emergency Unit statistics) and aims to explore the lived experiences of youth who have attempted suicide. The research is qualitative and employs interpretive phenomenology as its methodological approach. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 10 young individuals who had attempted suicide and were analyzed until theoretical saturation was reached. The study was guided by two main research questions: What is the phenomenological description of language, emotion, and action associated with suicide? What coping and confrontation strategies do young people adopt in response to this tendency? The findings indicate that participants’ lived experiences take shape across three interrelated levels: at individual level: including emotions such as alienation, a “betrayal-tainted” mind, shame, guilt, anger, fear, feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, and the suppression of emotions and desires. At family level: rooted in factors such as child marriage, the lack of effective communication, and experiences of violence. And finally, at social level: including the absence of social support and empathy, social pressure through “what people say,” living in crime-prone neighborhoods, and social exclusion. The results further show that suicide-related action within this group cannot be fully explained within a strict binary of “easy death” (a pure desire to end one’s life) and “protest death” (the construction of a new understanding of life). Instead, this action unfolds in a field of lost meaning and disrupted lifeworld, where the individual neither fully intends to end life nor has been able to actively construct a new path for living. Accordingly, the study highlights the necessity of intervention strategies centered on the recovery of meaning and the rebuilding of social cohesion.   Keywords: Suicide; Lived Experience; Youth; Easy Death; Protest Action.   Introduction Suicide is the second leading cause of death among young people aged 20 to 24 (Hoyert & Xu, 2012: 44). Each year, more than 700,000 people worldwide lose their lives to suicide (World Health Organization, 2022). According to statistics from the Pakdasht Social Emergency Center, a total of 62 cases of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts were recorded between 2018 and 2021 (1397–1400 in the Iranian calendar) .This article is presented with a phenomenological approach aimed at understanding the lived experience of suicide attempts in Pakdasht County. The main research questions were: 1. What is the phenomenological description of the concepts of language, emotion, and action related to suicide.?2. What coping and confrontation strategies do young people employ in response to this inclination?   Research Background and Theoretical Discussions Parvin et al. (2019), in a qualitative study of youth in Pakdasht, examined the social contexts of suicide attempts (intentional drug poisoning) and reached the following findings: At the macro level: weakened temporal integration, generational poverty, and social exclusion, At the interpersonal level: group-based emotional tensions, unfulfilled sexual desire, unstable family boundaries, and immature relationships. Bahrami et al. (2023), in their study titled “Examining the Contexts of Youth Suicide Attempts in Varamin,” found that “disordered family boundaries, fear of subjectivity and instrumentalized perception, a skeptical self-concept, regressive marriage, and blockage in sustaining the continuity of the self” constitute causal conditions for suicide. Meng (2020), in “Rebellion and Revenge: The Meaning of Suicide among Women in Rural China,”demonstrated that suicide is understood as an act of revenge .Keeley et al. (2022) examined “The Role of Perceived Social Support among Youth in Explaining Suicidal Behavior.” A review of the literature indicates that Iranian studies have extensively focused on structural factors (poverty, family, tradition) and feelings of powerlessness associated with youth suicide. Some international studies, however, have emphasized the retaliatory and protest-oriented meanings of suicide. Adopting a meaning-centered approach, the present study seeks to understand the internal mechanisms and lived experiences of young people who have attempted suicide in Pakdasht. Inspired by Douglas, emphasis is placed on understanding the inner world and the individual and social meanings associated with suicide attempts. Mead’s perspective views suicide as a social reaction produced through interactions between the individual and society. Finally, Frankl’s theory considers the fundamental motivation of human beings to be the “will to meaning,” interpreting suicide attempts as a potential response to a “loss of meaning” and existential emptiness, or as a protest-driven effort to recreate meaning.   Research Method This study is qualitative in nature and was conducted with an applied objective. The theoretical approach was interpretive phenomenology, focusing on the lived experiences of individuals related to suicide in order to understand their perceptions, meanings, and subjective interpretations. Sampling was conducted purposively. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 10 young individuals who had attempted suicide. The data were analyzed until theoretical saturation was achieved.   Findings The findings of this article are analyzed along two main axes: <ol style="text-align: left;"> <li>1. Personal narratives, language, behavior, and actions at the time of suicide attempts;</li> <li>2. The strategies adopted by young people in confronting suicidal tendencies.</li> </ol>   Personal Narratives, Language, Behavior, and Individual Actions at the Time of Suicide The lived experiences of individuals who attempted suicide are presented as follows: <ol style="text-align: left;"> <li>Individual characteristics (emotional, cognitive, behavioral): A sense of powerless existence; self-alienation; a mind wounded by betrayal; feelings of shame, guilt, and anger; fear; social withdrawal; anxiety of loneliness; feelings of worthlessness; feeling like a burden; indifference; hopelessness; suppressed emotions and desires; fatalism; desire to die; sexual objectification; feeling imprisoned; surrendering to life.</li> <li>Family characteristics and conditions: Child marriage; forced marriage; marriage as an escape from poverty and depression; emotional neglect; lack of dialogue; violence; controlling family dynamics; family disintegration.</li> <li>Social conditions: Lack of social support; absence of empathy; labeling and stigmatization; absolute deprivation; spatial displacement; delinquent peers; living in high-crime neighborhoods; lack of welfare.</li> </ol>   Strategies and Strategic Actions Strategies and strategic actions refer to the set of measures that social actors employ in order to cope with difficult life conditions. In this study, these strategies are presented in four categories. Suicide as an easy death: This is a passive strategy adopted in response to harsh and difficult living conditions. This category refers to ending one’s life through suicide because the individual has lost resilience, the capacity to endure life, and the power to change their living conditions. Repairing and compensating for inadequate relationships: This is an active strategy in which the individual attempts to bring an end to deficient relationships and interactions by adopting a positive approach and compensating for them through efforts such as remarriage, forming more friendships, cleansing the past through socially desirable behavior, and engaging in collective participation and responsibility. Breaking neighborhood ties: This is an active, coping-oriented strategy. The individual actively distances themselves from others and continues with their life. This category is constructed from statements referring to neighbors’ jealousy, stigmatization, baseless accusations, and the false or intrusive interventions of surrounding people. Spectatorship and the meaninglessness of the status quo: This is a passive strategy arising from surrender to the existing situation as though it were destiny or fate. Here, the participants find themselves in a state of existential suspension due to a lack of motivation. The individual neither truly intends to end their life nor actively enters the cycle of life in order to construct a new understanding of it for themselves. As a result, they adopt indifference as a way of being and, from time to time, attempt suicide as a means of making themselves visible to others.   Conclusion and Discussion The present study, conducted with the aim of exploring the lived experiences of young people who had attempted suicide in Pakdasht County, showed that this phenomenon extends beyond an individual psychological impasse and is instead the product of the intersection between “structural blockage” and “meaning suspension” in the lifeworld of the subjects. Four distinct strategies—easy death, repair and compensation, breaking ties, and spectatorship and the meaninglessness of the status quo—were identified as individuals’ responses when confronting the experience of a “powerless and ineffective existence.” Each strategy represents a different lived interpretation of the loss of agency: -Active action (repair and breaking ties): an attempt to reconstruct the world of meaning and redefine the self through action and limited responsibility. -Ultimate action (easy death): the elimination of suffering by ending lived experience, arising from a complete loss of access to meaning in everyday life. -Absolute inaction (spectatorship): the opposite of action, indicating a deeper collapse of meaning and the arrival at existential suspension and total numbness.   References Bahrami, Ardeshir; Danesh, Parvaneh; & Mohammadi, Zahra. (2023) A study of the contexts of suicide attempts among youth in Varamin County. 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World Health Organization. (2022) Suicide prevention. <a href="https://www.who.int/health-topics/suicide#tab=tab_1">https://www.who.int/health-topics/suicide#tab=tab_1</a>.   <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> Ph.D. in Sociology of Iranian Social Issues, Payam Noor University Graduate Education Center, Iran.  <a href="mailto:Bahrami_dr2014@yahoo.com">Bahrami_dr2014@yahoo.com</a>. <a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9670-5923">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9670-5923</a>مسئله خودکشی در ایران، به&zwnj;ویژه در میان جوانان، به یکی از معضلات مهم سلامت عمومی بدل شده است. این پژوهش با تمرکز بر شهرستان پاکدشت (با ثبت 62 مورد افکار و اقدام به خودکشی در سال&zwnj;های 1397 تا 1400 بر اساس آمارهای اورژانس اجتماعی)، قصد دارد تجربه زیسته جوانانی را که اقدام به خودکشی داشته&zwnj;اند، واکاوی نماید. پژوهش حاضر با رویکرد کیفی و با استفاده از روش پدیدارشناسی تفسیری طراحی شده است. داده&zwnj;ها از طریق مصاحبه&zwnj;های نیمه&zwnj;ساختاریافته عمیق با ده نفر از جوانان اقدام&zwnj;کننده به خودکشی، جمع&zwnj;آوری و تا رسیدن به اشباع نظری تحلیل شد. پرسش&zwnj;های اصلی پژوهش عبارت بودند از: 1. شرح پدیدارشناختی مفاهیم زبان، هیجان و کنش مرتبط با خودکشی چیست؟ 2. راهبردهای مواجهه و مقابله&zwnj;ای جوانان در برابر این تمایل کدامند؟  تحلیل داده&zwnj;ها نشان داد که تجربه زیسته این افراد در سه سطح ریشه&zwnj;یابی می&zwnj;شود: الف) سطح فردی: شامل احساساتی چون از خود بیگانگی، ذهن خیانت&zwnj;دیده، شرم، گناه، خشم، ترس، احساس بی&zwnj;ارزشی، ناامیدی و سرکوب عواطف و امیال. ب) سطح خانوادگی: ریشه&zwnj;هایی نظیر کودک&zwnj;همسری، فقدان گفت&zwnj;وگوی مؤثر و تجربه خشونت. ج) سطح اجتماعی: فقدان حمایت و همدلی، فشار «حرف مردم»، قرارگیری در محله&zwnj;های جرم&zwnj;خیز و طرد اجتماعی. یافته&zwnj;های پژوهش نشان می&zwnj;دهد که کنش خودکشی در این گروه، نه به طور کامل در دوگانه «استراتژی مرگ آسان» (میل محض به پایان دادن حیات) و «استراتژی مرگ اعتراضی» (ساختن فهمی جدید از زندگی) قابل تعریف است. در عوض، این کنش در فضای گم&zwnj;شدگی معنا و جهان&zwnj;زیست رخ می&zwnj;دهد؛ جایی که فرد نه کاملاً قصد پایان زندگی دارد و نه فعالانه توانسته است مسیر جدیدی برای زندگی خود برساخت کند. این یافته&zwnj;ها بر لزوم راهبردهای مداخله&zwnj;ای مبتنی بر بازیابی معنا و ایجاد همبستگی اجتماعی تأکید دارد.

http://risi.ihss.ac.ir/en/Article/Download/52560

مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش انحرافات و مسائل اجتماعی3060-821X5182026715Mapping the Psychosocial Schema of Suicide Attemptsترسیم طرح‌واره روانی- اجتماعی اقدام به خودکشی129161faمهری سادات موسویاستادیار گروه جوانان و مناسبات نسلی، پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات اجتماعی جهاددانشگاهی، تهران، ایران http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1069-6091سلمان قادریدکتری جامعه‌شناسی،‌ مددکار اجتماعی و کارشناس اورژانس اجتماعی سازمان بهزیستی، تهران، ایرانhttp://orcid.org/0000-0006-9167-6161مریم بیک محمدیمددکار اجتماعی و کارشناس اورژانس اجتماعی سازمان بهزیستی، تهران، ایرانhttp://orcid.org/0000-0008-1874-0888الهام ثانیدکتری مردم شناسی، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران http://orcid.org/0000-0003-6464-8457فائزه رئیسیکارشناس ارشد روان شناسی و روان شناس اورژانس اجتماعی سازمان بهزیستی، تهران، ایران http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-530720251217Mapping the Psychosocial Schema of Suicide Attempts   Mehri Sadat Mousavi<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a>  Salman Ghaderi<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a>  Maryam Beyk Mohammadi<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">***</a>  Elham Sani<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4">****</a>  Faezeh Raeisi<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5">*****</a>   Suicide, as one of the leading causes of death, particularly among young people, is a multidimensional phenomenon rooted in the complex interaction of psychological, social, and economic factors. This study aimed to delineate the psychosocial schema of suicide attempts through an exploratory factor analysis of the perspectives of 76 individuals who had attempted suicide and were under the intervention of Tehran Social Emergency Services. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and factor analysis. The most frequent age group among participants was 20–30 years (36.8%), with a mean age of 33 years. The most important reasons for the attempt, from their perspective, were reported as loneliness (23.7%), financial problems (22.4%), and family conflicts (7.9%), respectively. Exploratory factor analysis extracted nine effective factors, which together explained 77.16% of the total variance. Ranking these factors revealed that helplessness and deadlock, existential emptiness and meaninglessness, and socioeconomic conditions were, respectively, the most important factors from the attempters' viewpoint. The findings depict the pattern of suicide attempts as a predominantly youth-oriented phenomenon with a multilayered psychosocial structure, indicating that although objective factors act as immediate triggers, deeper cognitive-emotional factors carry greater determining weight in the formation of the subjective schema leading to suicide. These results suggest the necessity of designing two-level interventions, including immediate interventions to address objective triggers and deep psychological interventions to combat helplessness and reconstruct meaning in life.   Keywords: Suicide, Psychosocial Factors of Suicide, Social Emergency, Factor Analysis, Suicide Attempt.   Introduction Suicide is a complex public health crisis, reflecting deep psychological, social, and economic dysfunctions beyond individual tragedy. Globally, nearly 700,000 people die by suicide annually. In Iran, suicide rates have risen to 7.7 per 100,000, rooted in economic inequality, breakdown of traditional support networks, stigma, and limited mental health access. While previous studies have examined isolated risk factors, our understanding of how these elements interact to form a critical psychosocial schema remains incomplete. This study, focusing on the perspectives of attempters in Tehran, asks: What is the hierarchy and contribution of psychological, social, and economic factors in shaping the mental schema leading to suicide?   Theoretical Framework Domestic studies indicate that multiple factors contribute to suicide in Iran. Feizollahi's meta-synthesis (2022) identified family dysfunction, social pressure, social rejection, and access to suicide methods as key factors. Zarani and Ahmadi's systematic review (2021) found that, contrary to global statistics, the rate of suicide attempts is higher among Iranian men than women, and that the causes and methods of suicide vary significantly across Iranian subcultures. Nasirzadeh et al. (2025) found a direct relationship between life skills and perceived social support with suicidal ideation among university students. Karim's meta-analysis (2022) showed that early marriage (Effect Size = 0.3721) and self-esteem (Effect Size = 0.6921) had the strongest relationships with suicide among social and psychological variables, respectively. At the international level, McClelland et al. (2023) identified three categories of suicide-related factors: relational factors (belongingness, burdensomeness), mental health (depression, substance use), and internal factors (hopelessness, defeat, impulsivity). Forkmann et al. (2025) demonstrated that rumination and positive/negative metacognitions distinguish suicide attempters from non-attempters. Bahamon (2025) found significant relationships between suicide attempts and exposure to domestic violence, school violence, and sexual abuse, emphasizing that family support serves as an important protective factor. Regarding theoretical foundations, suicide is a multidimensional phenomenon that no single theory can fully explain. Durkheim's sociological approach emphasizes macro-social factors. Agnew's general strain theory addresses strain resulting from the removal of positive stimuli and the presence of negative stimuli. In the psychological approach, Klonsky and May's (2016) three-step theory explains the transition from psychological pain and hopelessness to desire for death, then to suicidal ideation, and finally to action. Joiner's (2005) interpersonal theory posits that the simultaneous presence of thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and acquired capability is necessary for serious suicidal behavior. The present study employs an integrated theoretical framework comprising three levels of analysis: micro-level (Klonsky & May's theory), meso-level (Agnew's general strain theory and Cobb's social support theory), and macro-level (structural-social factors). The main objective is to discover and validate the "critical psychosocial schema" from the perspective of suicide attempters themselves using exploratory factor analysis, in order to determine which psychological and social factors carry greater weight in explaining the variance of this schema.   Methodology This was a descriptive-analytical study employing an exploratory factor analysis approach. The statistical population consisted of all individuals who contacted Tehran's Social Emergency service (Line 123) due to a suicide crisis in 2024. Using convenience sampling, 76 of these attempters participated in the study. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire comprising sections on demographic information, history of the attempt, 35 items on contributing factors (on a Likert scale), and protective factors. The instrument's reliability was confirmed with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.892. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, employing descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis (Principal Component Analysis with Varimax rotation), and the Friedman test for ranking the factors.   Findings <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li>Demographic Characteristics: Attempters were predominantly young (mean age 33, largest age group 20-30 years old), single (43.4%), residents of Tehran (89.5%), and with poor economic status (46.1%). Women (60.5%) had attempted more than men.</li> <li>Reasons and Methods of Attempt: The most important self-reported reasons were, in order: loneliness (23.7%), financial problems (22.4%), and family conflicts (7.9%). The most common methods were poisoning (39.5%) and acute physical methods (38.2%).</li> <li>Factor Structure: Exploratory factor analysis extracted 9 contributing factors, which together explained 77.167% of the total variance. These factors are: 1) Emptiness and Isolation, 2) Helplessness and Impasse, 3) Escape from Situation, 4) Inhibition and Cognitive Beliefs, 5) Stigma and Lack of Help-Seeking Knowledge, 6) Socio-economic Conditions, 7) Lack of Social Support, 8) Unbearable Emotional Pain, and 9) Cessation of Suffering and Impulsive Behavior.</li> <li>Factor Ranking: Based on the Friedman test, from the attempters' perspective, the top three factors in order of importance were: Helplessness and Impasse (mean rank: 8.38), Existential Emptiness and Meaninglessness (mean rank: 8.20), and Socio-economic Conditions (mean rank: 7.12).</li> </ul>   Discussion and Conclusion The findings depict the pattern of suicide attempts in the studied sample as a predominantly youth-oriented phenomenon, with primary triggers of loneliness and financial problems, and possessing a multi-layered and complex structure. A crucial point is that while objective and situational factors (such as economic and familial problems) act as immediate and apparent triggers, deeper cognitive-emotional factors such as feelings of helplessness, being trapped in an impasse, and experiences of emptiness and meaninglessness carry greater determinative weight in shaping the mental schema leading to suicide. This finding aligns with theories such as learned helplessness (Seligman), General Strain Theory (Agnew), and Frankl's logotherapy. The results emphasize the necessity of adopting a multi-level and integrated approach in designing preventive interventions: <ol style="text-align: left;"> <li>In-depth Psychological Interventions: Targeting foundational cognitive-emotional factors like helplessness and emptiness through meaning-focused psychotherapies (e.g., logotherapy) and enhancing resilience.</li> <li>Immediate Socio-economic Interventions: Reducing the burden of objective triggers through targeted financial support, employment services, and family-focused interventions to reduce tension and isolation.</li> <li>Macro-policy Interventions: Designing comprehensive prevention programs focused on high-risk groups (youth, single individuals, and the deprived), increasing access to mental health services, reducing the stigma of seeking such services, and establishing sustainable social support networks at the community level.</li> <li>In summary, this research demonstrates that suicide is the end product of the dynamic interaction of individual (cognitive-emotional), interpersonal (social support), and structural (socio-economic) factors. 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(2021) Helping adolescents thrive toolkit: Strategies to promote and protect adolescent mental health and reduce self-harm and other risk behaviours . Geneva: WHO. CC World Health Organization. (2025) Suicide worldwide in 2021: global health estimates. World Health Organization.&rlm; Zarani, F., & Ahmadi, Z. (2021) Suicide in Iranian culture: A systematic review. *Rooyesh-e-Ravanshenasi Journal (Rooyesh), 10*(9), 205–216.  <a href="http://frooyesh.ir/article-1-2379-fa.html">http://frooyesh.ir/article-1-2379-fa.html</a>       <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> Corresponding Author: Assistant Professor, Department of Youth and Generational Studies, Institute of Humanities and Social Studies, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR). <a href="mailto:smousavi@acecr.ac.ir">smousavi@acecr.ac.ir</a>  <a href="http://orcid.org/">http://orcid.org/</a>0000-0003-1069-6091 <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">**</a> Ph.D. in Sociology, Social Worker and Social Emergency Expert, Tehran Social Welfare Organization, Tehran, Iran, salmang41@gmail.com <a href="http://orcid.org/">http://orcid.org/</a>0000-0006-9167-6161 <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">*</a>** M.A. Social Worker and Specialist, Social Emergency Department, State Welfare Organization of Iran. <a href="mailto:sahar.bekmohamadi6767@gmail.com">sahar.bekmohamadi6767@gmail.com</a>  <a href="http://orcid.org/">http://orcid.org/</a>0000-0008-1874-0888 <a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4">****</a> Ph.D. in Anthropology, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch. <a href="mailto:elhamsani62@yahoo.com">elhamsani62@yahoo.com</a> <a href="http://orcid.org/">http://orcid.org/</a>0000-0003-6464-8457 <a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5">*</a>**** M.A. in Psychology and Psychologist, Social Emergency Department, State Welfare Organization of Iran. <a href="mailto:reisi.f381@gmail.com">reisi.f381@gmail.com</a> <a href="http://orcid.org/">http://orcid.org/</a>0000-0001-8396-5307    خودکشی به&zwnj; عنوان یکی از علل اصلی مرگ&zwnj;ومیر به&zwnj;ویژه در میان جوانان، پدیده&zwnj;ای چندبعدی است که ریشه در تعامل پیچیده عوامل روانی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی دارد. روش این مطالعه با هدف ترسیم طرحواره روانی- اجتماعی اقدام به خودکشی، از طریق تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی دیدگاه ۷۶ نفر از اقدام&zwnj;کنندگان تحت مداخله اورژانس اجتماعی تهران انجام شد. داده&zwnj;ها با پرسشنامه&zwnj;ای محقق&zwnj;ساخته گردآوری و با استفاده از آمار توصیفی و تحلیل عاملی تحلیل شد. بیشترین گروه سنی شرکت&zwnj;کنندگان، ۲۰ تا ۳۰ سال (۸/۳۶ درصد) و میانگین سنی ۳۳ سال بود. مهم&zwnj;ترین دلایل اقدام از دیدگاه آنان به &zwnj;ترتیب تنهایی (۷/۲۳ درصد)، مشکلات مالی (۴/۲۲ درصد) و اختلافات خانوادگی (۹/۷ درصد) گزارش شد. تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی، نه عامل مؤثر را استخراج کرد که ۱۶/۷۷ درصد از واریانس را تبیین نمودند. رتبه&zwnj;بندی این عوامل نشان داد که درماندگی و بن&zwnj;بست، پوچی و بی&zwnj;معنایی وجودی و شرایط اقتصادی- اجتماعی به &zwnj;ترتیب مهم&zwnj;ترین عوامل از دیدگاه اقدام&zwnj;کنندگان هستند. یافته&zwnj;ها، الگوی اقدام به خودکشی را به عنوان پدیده&zwnj;ای عمدتاً جوان&zwnj;گرا با ساختار روانی- اجتماعی چندلایه ترسیم می&zwnj;کند و نشان می&zwnj;دهد که هرچند عوامل عینی به &zwnj;عنوان محرک&zwnj;های فوری عمل می&zwnj;کنند، عوامل شناختی- هیجانی عمیق&zwnj;تر، وزن تعیین&zwnj;کننده&zwnj;تری در شکل&zwnj;گیری طرحواره ذهنی منجر به خودکشی دارند. این نتایج، لزوم طراحی مداخلات دوسطحی شامل مداخلات فوری برای رفع محرک&zwnj;های عینی و مداخلات عمیق روان&zwnj;شناختی برای مقابله با درماندگی و بازسازی معنای زندگی را پیشنهاد می&zwnj;دهد.

http://risi.ihss.ac.ir/en/Article/Download/52516

مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش انحرافات و مسائل اجتماعی3060-821X5182026715From Resistance to Breakdown: The Lived Experience of Ilami Women Prior to Suicide Attemptاز مقاومت تا فروپاشی: تجربۀ زیستۀ زنان ایلامی پیش از اقدام به خودکشی163194faعلیفیض اللهیاستادیار گروه جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران http://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-1641-4289خلیلکمربیگی دانشجوی دکتری جامعه‌شناسی، پژوهشگاه مطالعات علوم انسانی تهران و کارشناس برنامه‌ریزی کشوری سازمان برنامه و بودجه استان ایلام، ایلام، ایران http://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-7407-6102202629From Resistance to Breakdown: The Lived Experience of Ilami Women Prior to Suicide Attempt   Ali Feizolahi<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a> Khalil Kamarbeigi<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a>   The present study tends to develop an understanding of the processes of resistance to and failure preceding suicide, as well as the reasons for suicidal behavior among the women who attempted suicide in Ilam Province. This research was conducted using an interpretive phenomenological approach. The target population consisted of women who attempted suicide in Ilam Province in the year 2025, from whom a purposive sample of 17 participants were selected. Data was collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews, and sampling and interviews continued until data saturation was achieved. Data analysis and coding were carried out using thematic analysis based on the Attride–Stirling approach. The most significant reasons for suicide attempts in the studied sample can be conceptualized under the theme of incompatibility of institutional contexts, which includes the organizing themes of family disorder, non-normative marriage patterns, the concurrence of marital problems, inappropriate interactional contexts, and livelihood-related challenges. The findings also indicate that the women who attempted suicide actively sought to avoid suicide by attempting to resolve their problems; these actions can be categorized into two broad sets of organizing themes: normative and non-normative solutions. Because these forms of action were not always accompanied by success, women turned toward self-destructive and suicidal behaviors, which can be understood as the product of a kind of breakdown. Overall, the findings of the study indicate that suicidal behavior was not the first option chosen by women at risk of suicide; rather, it was to a large extent the consequence of the lack of success or failure in realizing their problem-solving actions. Keywords: Suicidal behavior; pre-suicide resistance; breakdown; women’s suicide; Ilam Province.   Introduction Suicide is one of the most serious social problems worldwide and a permanent and challenging threat to public health in modern societies, and current societies will potentially continue to face it. Because currently, on average, “727,000 persons die by suicide every year, and a much larger number attempt suicide. Such that in 2021 alone, the global suicide rate was 9.1 per 100,000 people (World Health Organization, 2021). In addition, about 50 to 120 million people are deeply affected by suicide and suicide attempts every year (Beautrais, 2006: 55). Although the suicide rate in Iran is about 5 per 100,000 people, which is considered low compared to the global rate of “more than 16 per 100,000 people” (Abdu et al., 2020: 233), high suicide rates have been recorded in some provinces of Iran. For example, the suicide rate in Ilam province is 13.8, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad is 13.7, and Kermanshah is 12.08 per 100,000 people (National Statistical Yearbook, 2020). Of course, Ilam province has always been one of the provinces with high rates of female suicide since the 1990s. This trend continued in the years 2022 to 2024 with a “suicide rate of 18.3 per 100,000 people” (Ilam Provincial Management and Planning Organization, 2025). It seems that the relatively high pattern of suicide attempts among women in Ilam province cannot be reduced to individual factors alone, but rather should be analyzed in the context of structural and cultural developments in the local society. Because in recent decades, in parallel with the above issues, the biosocial patterns of women, especially young girls, in this province have also diversified. Their level of awareness and expectations for social presence and participation have increased, and at the same time, traditional patterns of control and supervision over them in the family and society are still prominent. These structural asynchronies have provided the basis for the formation of various types of tension and perceived inequality in the life world of Ilami women. The accumulation of such problems, along with the dual position of women, especially young girls, between a tendency towards social activism and the obligation to adhere to traditional norms, can lead to psychological harm and behaviors such as violence against themselves (suicide) among them. The continued erosion of women's social status relative to men has become almost commonplace, accompanied by fundamental contradictions. In general, the analysis of the fields, study methods, and results of previous research shows that these studies have focused on multiple and outspread areas. Although these studies have valuable concepts and explanations for the present study, due to their focus on the causes of suicide and the mere narrative of suicidal women, they have paid less attention to survival strategies and women's efforts to avoid suicide. Therefore, in order to avoid subjugation and passive perception of the aforementioned actors, the present study has also paid attention to the process of suicide-avoidance actions of the studied women in addition to paying attention to the reasons for suicide. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the processes of avoiding suicidal behavior and the reasons for their failure in this regard. The main question of the research is what are the reasons for the suicide attempts of the studied women and what types of actions did they take to solve the problem before committing suicide?   Methodology The present study is a qualitative study and was conducted using the interpretive phenomenological method. The target population of the study is women with a history of suicide attempts and residents of Ilam province, and the research sample was selected using the purposive sampling method. Accordingly, the information in this study is the product of semi-structured interviews with 17 women with a history of suicide attempts. In this regard, the in-depth interview method was used to deepen the study and freely present narratives by the study subjects. Data coding was implemented using the theme analysis technique. The identification and final analysis of themes is based on the Attride-Stirling theme network analysis method, which includes basic themes, which are the first and lowest abstracted evidence in the text, which consist of codes and primary concepts extracted from the text. In fact, they are simple propositions that are the basis for higher-level abstraction; Organizing themes are grouped by combining several basic themes to summarize more abstract principles and are therefore more abstract, meaningful, and explicit than the concepts hidden in the text. Each cluster of organizing themes is used to a higher level of abstraction through meaningful connections with each other, which encompass the main metaphors of the entire text and form overarching themes (Attride-Stirling, 2001: 388). The criterion used to examine validity in this study is the criterion of acceptability, which is based on the acceptability of the researcher and his/her full involvement with the data. Verifiability has been achieved through the continuous presence of researchers in the research field.   Findings After open coding the interview transcripts of the research participants, the meaningful phrases and extracted concepts were categorized into subthemes and main themes of the research. As can be seen from the content of the phrases and the narrative of the lived experiences of the research participants, they emphasized concepts that addressed the reasons for their repeated refusal to and ultimately attempted suicide. <ol style="text-align: left;"> <li> The overarching theme of the incompatibility of institutional contexts</li> </ol> This theme indicates the incompatibility of social institutions that regulate the collective life of members of society, especially the most fundamental social institution that shapes the lives of individuals, namely the family institution and institutions such as marriage, the marital system, and the social environment (group of friends, etc.) along with the institution that provides material comfort for life, namely the economy, the intersection of which has led to the formation of a crisis-ridden and chaotic family. <ol style="text-align: left;"> <li> 1. Family Disturbance</li> </ol> In this study, the concept of family disorder refers to a situation in which interactions between family members are accompanied by disruptive behaviors such as domestic violence, excessive control, and restrictiveness.   <ol style="text-align: left;"> <li> 2. Non-standardization of marriage</li> </ol> Marriage is one of the social institutions whose formality in different societies is subject to compliance with legal rules and public announcement. <ol style="text-align: left;"> <li> 3. Concurrence of marital problems</li> </ol> The organizing theme of the concurrence of marital problems refers to a situation in which the spouse's specific behaviors or situations lead to challenges in marital life. <ol style="text-align: left;"> <li> 4. The organizing theme of the inappropriate interaction context refers to the internal conditions of the family and social contexts that affect the social actions and mental health of women.</li> <li> 5. The organizing theme of livelihood challenges</li> </ol> A livelihood challenge means that the family's livelihood conditions are in a crisis that makes it impossible to imagine getting out of the cycle of poverty and financial problems, and is accompanied by a kind of despair that leads to the emergence of abnormal behaviors. <ol style="text-align: left;" start="2"> <li> The overarching theme of problem-solving actions</li> </ol> This theme can be discussed under the heading of resistance strategies and strategies that the women studied, in order to preserve their family life or improve their personal lives as reasonable and reflective actors with the intention of resolving an unpleasant situation, first resorted to problem-solving actions and in some cases were successful or unsuccessful <ol style="text-align: left;" start="2"> <li> 1. The organizing theme of seeking a normative solution</li> </ol> This theme focuses on the three strategies of seeking help, seeking treatment, and cooperative actions such as assistance and support with family by women at risk, whose personal efforts reflect normative and proactive activism in order to rebuild and optimize their conditions and continue their lives, even if they are difficult, which shows that a large part of the women studied were not necessarily their first choice to commit suicide. <ol style="text-align: left;" start="2"> <li> 2. The organizing theme of seeking an abnormal solution</li> </ol> The theme of seeking an abnormal solution refers to actions that lack a minimum of legitimate, normative, and reasonable criteria for solving the problem and that instead of solving the problem, add to the complexity and difficulty of the situation. <ol style="text-align: left;" start="3"> <li> The Overarching Theme of Collapse</li> </ol> When a person's problem-solving actions are not successful or the person is under so much pressure from within and without that they view suicide as a way to escape from problems, the process of collapse can be called collapse. <ol style="text-align: left;" start="3"> <li> 1. The organizing theme of self-destructive actions refers to the physical and psycho-emotional injuries resulting from negative experiences that the person has faced throughout their life. The harassment and failures that drive the person to commit self-destructive and suicidal behaviors.</li> <li> 2. The organizing theme of a suicide attempt</li> </ol> The theme of a suicide attempt is a suicidal act resulting from a person's practical decision to die, which for some reason was not successful.   Discussion and Conclusion The final and central finding of this study, in particular, shows that the women studied have made great efforts to overcome problems and avoid suicide. We have categorized this resistance or avoidance of suicide attempts into two categories: normative and abnormal problem-solving actions, the first of which indicates an active approach to dealing with the crisis. These types of actions have been on the path to improving the situation or adapting to the current state of life. The main goal of these actions has been to solve the problem and avoid the collapse of life. The second category, or abnormal problem-solving actions, has been both an attempt to regain what the individual has lost in the process of social interactions and can also indicate an inability to adapt to life pressures. Ignoring or disobeying family expectations and demands may indicate emotional isolation or an attempt to cut off contact with a source that the individual considers harmful. Because when a person fails to respond appropriately to life crises or is unable to find solutions to practical life problems, one of the possible choices he or she may make is suicidal behavior. In other words, this type of self-destructive behavior can be considered a reflection of the failure or failure to realize problem-solving actions. 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(2015) Suicide in women (Review Article). Indian Psychiatry,57: 233-238. World Health Organisation. (2021) Suicide rates.  <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide">https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide</a>     <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> Corresponding Author: Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanity Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran.  <a href="mailto:a.feizolahi@ilamac.ir">a.feizolahi@ilamac.ir</a> <a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1641-4289">http://orcid.org/</a> 0000-0002-1641-4289 <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">**</a> Ph.D. Student of Sociology, Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies. Tehran, Iran. <a href="mailto:khkamarbeigi@gmail.com">khkamarbeigi@gmail.com</a>  <a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7407-6102">http://orcid.org/</a> 0000-0001-7407-6102مطالعۀ حاضر تلاش دارد تا به شناختی از فرآیند مقاومت و شکست پیشاخودکشی و دلایل رفتار خودکشانه در بین زنان مورد مطالعۀ اقدام&zwnj;کننده به خودکشی در استان ایلام دست یابد. این پژوهش با استفاده از روش پدیدارشناسی تفسیری انجام شده است. جامعۀ هدف پژوهش، زنانی هستند که در سال 1403 در استان ایلام اقدام به خودکشی نموده&zwnj;اند و از طریق نمونه&zwnj;گیری هدفمند، نمونه&zwnj;&zwnj;ای 17 نفره از آنان انتخاب شده &zwnj;است. داده&zwnj;ها با استفاده از تکنیک مصاحبۀ عمیق و نیمه&zwnj;&zwnj;ساختاریافته گردآوری شده&zwnj; و تا زمان رسیدن به اشباع، نمونه&zwnj;گیری و انجام مصاحبه ادامه یافته &zwnj;است. برای تحلیل و کدگذاری داده&zwnj;ها از روش تحلیل مضمون به شیوه آترید- استرلینک استفاده شده است. مهم&zwnj;ترین دلایل اقدام به خودکشی در نمونۀ مورد مطالعه را می&zwnj;توان ذیل ناسازوارگی بسترهای نهادی نام&zwnj;گذاری نمود که مشتمل بر مضامین سازمان&zwnj;دهندۀ آشفتگی خانوادگی، نامعیارمندی ازدواج، هم&zwnj;آیندی مشکلات زناشویی، بستر تعاملی نامناسب و چالش&zwnj;های معیشتی است. همچنین یافته&zwnj;های پژوهش بیانگر آن است که زنان خودکش به منظور خودکشی &zwnj;پرهیزی، فعالانه در جست&zwnj;وجوی گره&zwnj;گشایی از مسائل خویش بوده&zwnj;اند که این کنش&zwnj;ها ذیل دو دستۀ کلی مضامین سازمان&zwnj;دهندۀ راه&zwnj;حل&zwnj;های هنجارمند &zwnj;و ناهنجارمند قابل دسته&zwnj;بندی است. به دلیل اینکه اینگونه کردارها همیشه با موفقیت قرین نبوده&zwnj;اند، از اینرو زنان به سوی خودتخریب&zwnj;گری و رفتار خودکشانه روی آورده&zwnj;اند که می&zwnj;توان آن را محصول نوعی فروپاشی دانست. به&zwnj; طور کلی نتایج تحقیق نشان می&zwnj;دهد که رفتار خودکشانه اولین گزینۀ انتخابی زنان در معرض خطر خودکشی نبوده &zwnj;است، بلکه تاحدود زیادی پیامد عدم توفیق یا شکست در تحقق کنش&zwnj;های حل مسئله&zwnj;ای آنان بوده &zwnj;است.

http://risi.ihss.ac.ir/en/Article/Download/52979

مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش انحرافات و مسائل اجتماعی3060-821X5182026715Systematic Review of Research on Suicide in Iranمرور نظام‌مند پژوهش‌هایی با موضوع خودکشی در ایران195229faغلامرضاتاج بخشاستاد گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه آیت‌الله العظمی بروجردی، بروجرد، ایران http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1155-8857محمدرضاپویافردانشیار گروه جامعه‌شناسی، دانشگاه جامع علوم انتظامی امین، تهران، ایرانhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-0912-790820251213Systematic Review of Research on Suicide in Iran Gholamreza Tajbakhsh<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a>  Mohammadreza Pooyafar <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a>   Suicide is one of the important and common social harms that is increasing in the country. Suicide is one of the main damaging factors in the structure and stability of society, which has adverse effects on the individual, family, and society. Accordingly, this study, within the framework of the meta-analysis of the country's priority harms, has explored and summarized the factors affecting this social problem based on the findings obtained in research in the last two decades in Iran. To conduct the meta-analysis method, 151 studies conducted between 2002 and 2019 were collected, and 24 of these studies were selected according to the meta-analysis criteria. Each of these studies was conducted quantitatively and with a survey approach and have reliable measures. In examining the research findings, first the assumptions of homogeneity and publication bias of the selected studies were examined. The findings indicate that the size effect is heterogeneous and the publication bias of the selected studies is not biased. Then, in the second step, the effect size coefficient was examined using CMA software. The results of the meta-analysis showed that two of the four most frequent variables among the studies under review had a direct effect and the other two had an inverse effect on suicide or suicidal tendencies. Mental problems and illness with a medium effect size of 0.437 and depression with an effect size of 0.557 had a direct and stimulating effect on suicide or suicidal tendencies, and religiousness and social support indicating an inverse and inhibitory effect on suicide.   Keywords: Depression, Social support, suicide, harmful behaviors, religiousness. Introduction Suicide is a social harm that has numerous consequences at the individual, family and social levels and poses harmful risks to the structure of societies, and its presence in society indicates disorder, deviation and abnormality and numerous social problems. Suicide, especially at a young age, causes the loss of human capital in society. Therefore, if ignored, it will lead to serious consequences, including family disarray, loss of human capital, etc., which are important resources of society. According to existing research and statistics, the largest age group of suicides in Iran is usually youth and young adults. The age group of 15 to 35 is known as the riskiest age group for suicide. The highest frequency of suicides in Iran is in the age group of 25 to 34, and the age group of 15 to 24 is also at high risk for suicide. Therefore, considering the aforementioned materials, it now seems that after the formation of an accumulation of empirical research on the social harm of suicide, it is necessary to review, analyze, and re-examine what has been done about this priority social harm in the country, to explain the factors, contexts, and effective strategies for reducing or preventing them based on a meta-analysis of these studies. Meta-analysis of suicide in Iran may be necessary for various reasons. Suicide is a serious and complex issue that involves various factors such as psychological, social, economic, and cultural problems. Performing a meta-analysis in this context can help to more accurately identify risk factors, behavioral patterns, and consequences of suicide.   Methodology The present study is applied and meta-analytic in terms of purpose. In the meta-analysis method, the researcher, by recording the characteristics and data of a set of studies in the form of quantitative concepts, prepares them for the use of statistical methods and extracts new and coherent findings with strong statistical methods. To perform the meta-analysis method, 151 studies conducted between 2002 and 2019 were collected, and 24 of these studies were selected according to the meta-analysis criteria. Each of these studies was conducted quantitatively and with a survey approach and has reliable measures. In examining the research findings, first the assumptions of homogeneity and publication bias of the selected studies were examined. The findings indicate that the size effect is heterogeneous and the publication bias of the selected studies is not biased. Then, in the second step, the effect size coefficient was examined using CMA software.   Findings The results of the meta-analysis showed that two of the four most frequent variables among the studies examined had a direct effect and the other two had an inverse effect on suicide or suicidal tendencies. Mental illness with a medium effect size of 0.437 and depression with an effect size of 0.557 had a direct and stimulating effect on suicide or suicidal tendencies, indicating an inverse and deterrent effect on suicide. In contrast, religiosity with a medium effect size of -0.303 and social support with a medium effect size of -0.415 have shown an inverse and deterrent effect on suicide.   Conclusion This study addressed one of the most important and prioritized social harms in recent years in the country, namely suicide. Although suicide is not considered a crime, it is a sign of the presence of harmful symptoms that lead to suicide. These harmful conditions, which are often associated with various crimes, including drug addiction, can marginalize and pressure groups in society, and ultimately lead to suicide. Faith and belief in the One God creates a solid foundation against the problems, hardships, and deprivations of life, gives strength to humans in life, and brings them peace in social life; but weakness of faith is a warning sign that declares human helplessness in the face of life's hardships and makes them helpless in the face of problems and difficulties. Therefore, religiosity is of fundamental importance in preventing and reducing social harms and is therefore considered one of the main priority factors to consider in the country's planning and policymaking in reducing social harms. The socio-economic status of individuals plays a decisive role in the tendency to social harms. For example, a better economic situation or having higher education can be a deterrent factor in the tendency to commit suicide, or the unemployment variable is an important factor in the occurrence of all social harms, including divorce, addiction, conflict, stealing, and suicide. Accordingly, unemployment is directly related to all these harms. Social support, whether from family, friends, or from support institutions and broad-based structures of society, has had a significant impact on social harms, especially suicide. Suicide, especially for disadvantaged groups in society, in many cases occurs as a result of the individual's marginalization and lack of social support; Because the individual is not supported to start anew in life, resist the context of deviant behaviors and social bonding; because the level of motivation and stimulation that exists towards deviant behavior is more than the stimulation and stimulation of normal behaviors for him. In addition to social factors affecting the occurrence of social harms, deviant behaviors and crimes, some individual and psychological factors have also been examined in the studies under study and their relationship has been confirmed. The effect of psychological factors and contexts is of great importance, especially in harms such as suicide. In fact, it must be said that in the analysis and explanation of the factors affecting suicide, these psychological factors have had a special prominence in explaining how these issues and deviant behaviors occur. At the same time, suicide, like divorce, are two important social problems and harms in which both social factors and individual and psychological factors are important, and the effect of both groups of factors has been confirmed in the various studies under study. Mental problems and illnesses, especially depression, are one of the most important factors affecting suicide. Studies show that people with mental problems and disorders, especially depression, are more likely to attempt suicide. Social support is considered one of the key factors in reducing the risk of suicide. The presence of strong support networks can help people cope with mental and psychological crises. The theoretical approach of social support states that people with access to social support feel more secure and calm, which can lead to a reduction in feelings of loneliness and hopelessness. The results of some studies show that people with stronger social support are less likely to attempt suicide. This study shows that social support can act as a protective factor against suicide (cf. Wang et al, 2016). Mental problems and illnesses and depression are known to be factors affecting suicide, while religiosity and social support can act as protective factors. Therefore, suicide prevention programs should focus on improving mental health, strengthening social ties, and promoting positive religiosity. In this study, one of the important and prioritized social harms in recent years in the country, namely suicide, was addressed. Suicide, although not considered a crime, is a sign of the presence of harmful symptoms that lead to suicide. These harmful conditions, which are often associated with various crimes, including drug addiction, can marginalize and pressure groups in society, ultimately leading to suicide. Faith and belief in the One God creates a solid foundation against the problems, hardships, and deprivations of life, gives strength to humans in life, and brings them peace in social life; however, weakness of faith is a warning sign that declares human helplessness in the face of life's hardships and makes them helpless in the face of problems and issues. Therefore, religiosity is of fundamental importance in preventing and reducing social harms and is therefore considered one of the main priority factors to consider in the country's planning and policymaking in reducing social harms.   References Biniyaz, Alireza; Aflak-Sir, Abdulaziz and Mohammad-Ali Goodarzi (2013) “Predicting suicidal thoughts based on identity styles and self-acceptance in students”, Clinical Psychology Studies, Year 13, Issue 51, pp. 149-174. <a href="https://doi.org/10.22054/jcps.2023.61545.2586">https://doi.org/10.22054/jcps.2023.61545.2586</a>. 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Khodabakhshi Kolaei, Anahita and Elham Khalili (2015) “The Relationship Between Body Image and Sensation Seeking with Suicidal Tendency in Female High School Students in Arak City”, Quarterly Journal of Social Policy Research on Women and Family, Year 3, Issue 1, pp. 22-27. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.23224274.1394.1394.4.4.3 Jafari, Simin; Hosseini, Azita; Kianistar, Roqiyeh; Jafari, Sepideh and Ruhollah Talebi (2015) “Investigating the Psychological Characteristics of Students Who Attempt Suicide and Students with a Healthy Lifestyle”, Journal of Behavioral Sciences, Issue 23, pp. 27-42. <a href="https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/1336638">https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/1336638</a>.  Davari, Rahim and Heshmatollah Ahmadi (2019) “A Structural Model of Personality Traits Mediated by Spirituality in Suicidal Tendency and Substance Abuse”, Journal of Thought and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, No. 51, pp. 76-67. <a href="https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/1490148/">https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/1490148/</a> Roshni, Zahra and Homayoun Moradkhani (2014) “In the Struggle for Individual Identity: Women’s Suicide Experience in Halilan County”, Farhang Ilam, Year 26, No. 82 and 83, pp. 95-109. <a href="https://www.doi.org/10.22034/farhang.2024.428448.1720">https://www.doi.org/10.22034/farhang.2024.428448.1720</a> Rashid, Sajjad; Kiani, Ahmadreza; Khoramdal, Kazem; Mohammadnejadi, Behjat; Abdollahi, Behnaz and Farnoush Makaremi Moghadam (2016) “The Correlation of Perceived Social Support, Neutral Belonging and Emotional Burden with Suicide in Students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University”, Journal of Research, No. 112, pp. 192-198. <a href="http://pajoohande.sbmu.ac.ir/article-1-2248-fa.html">http://pajoohande.sbmu.ac.ir/article-1-2248-fa.html</a>.  Soltaninejad, Abdollah; Fathi Ashtiani, Ali; Ahmadi, Khodabakhsh; Yahaghi, Emad; Nikmorad, Alireza; Karim, Ruhollah; Abdolmanafi, Atefeh and Vahid Behnood (2012) “A Structural Model of the Relationship between Borderline Personality Disorder, Emotion-Focused Coping Style, Impulsivity and Suicidal Thoughts in Soldiers”, Quarterly Journal of Police Medicine, Year 1, No. 3, pp. 183-176. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.30505/1.3.5">http://dx.doi.org/10.30505/1.3.5</a> Gholizadeh, Shirin and Nastaran Mansourieh (2025) “Investigating the relationship between attachment styles, identity styles and suicidal thoughts in individuals with borderline personality disorder symptoms: A descriptive study”, Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Year 23, Issue 11, pp. 972-960. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.61186/jrums.23.11.960">http://dx.doi.org/10.61186/jrums.23.11.960</a>. Qadri, Salah al-Din and Hamed Nazari (2018) “Suicide in Iran (Based on Statistics from 2003 to 2014)”, Bi-Quarterly Journal of Iranian Social Issues, Year 10, Issue 1, pp. 195-216. <a href="https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.24766933.1398.10.1.1.3">https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.24766933.1398.10.1.1.3</a>. Kiani Chalmardi, Ahmad Reza; Honamand Qojeh Bigloo, Pejman; Khakdel, Saeed and Bahman Zardi (2018) “Investigating the Psychometric Properties of the Short Version of the Family Relationship Scale and Estimating its Correlation with Self-Reported Suicidal Behaviors in High School Adolescents”, Journal of Family Counseling and Psychotherapy, No. 25, pp. 148-164. <a href="https://doi.org/10.22034/fcp.2018.60862">https://doi.org/10.22034/fcp.2018.60862</a>.  Kiani Chalmardi, Ahmad Reza; Jamshidian; Yasman and Sajjad Rashid (2018) “Analysis of the Mediating Role of the Interpersonal Model of Suicide (Perceived Overburden, Neutral Belonging) in the Relationship Between Importance and Suicide”, Journal of Thought and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, No. 47, pp. 57-66. <a href="https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/1441718/">https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/1441718/</a> Karami, Jahangir; Zakii, Ali; Alikhani, Mustafa and Farhad Mohammadi (2013) “The Relationship between Eysenck Model Personality Traits and Resilience with Attitudes to Suicide among Female Students”, Quarterly Journal of New Psychological Research, No. 30, pp. 147-164. <a href="https://journals.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4255.html">https://journals.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4255.html</a>.  Namati Sogli-Tepe, Fatemeh (2017) “Predicting Suicidal Thoughts in Students Based on Depression, Borderline Personality Disorder, Religiosity, Social Support and Coping Strategies”, Quarterly Journal of New Psychological Research, Vol. 12, No. 45, pp. 255-280. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.27173852.1396.12.45.12.5.     <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> Corresponding Author: Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Ayatollah Boroujerdi University, Boroujerd, Iran. <a href="mailto:tajbakhsh@abru.ac.ir">tajbakhsh@abru.ac.ir</a> http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1155-8857 <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">**</a> Associate Professor of Sociology, Amin University of Law Enforcement Sciences, Tehran, Iran. <a href="mailto:pouyafa@gmail.com">pouyafa@gmail.com</a> http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0912-7908خودکشی از جمله آسیب&zwnj;های مهم و شایع اجتماعی است که روند روزافزون در کشور دارد. خودکشی، یکی از عوامل اصلی آسیب&zwnj;زا در ساختار و ثبات جامعه است که تأثیرات ناگواری بر فرد، خانواده و جامعه برجای می&zwnj;گذارد. بر این مبنا این پژوهش در چارچوب فراتحلیل آسیب&zwnj;های اولویت&zwnj;دار کشور به کندوکاو و جمع&zwnj;بندی عوامل مؤثر بر این معضل اجتماعی بر اساس برآیند یافته&zwnj;های به&zwnj;دستآمده در پژوهش&zwnj;های دو دهه اخیر ایران پرداخته است. برای انجام روش فراتحلیل، 151 پژوهش که در بازه زمانی 1381 تا 1398 صورت گرفته، گردآوری شده که با توجه به معیارهای فراتحلیل، 24 مورد از این مطالعات، انتخاب شده است. هر کدام از این پژوهش&zwnj;ها به روش کمّی و با رویکرد پیمایش صورت گرفته و دارای سنجه&zwnj;های پایا هستند. در بررسی یافته&zwnj;های پژوهش ابتدا مفروضات همگنی و خطای انتشار مطالعات منتخب بررسی شد. یافته&zwnj;ها بیانگر ناهمگون بودن اندازه اثر و عدم سوگیری انتشار مطالعات منتخب دارد. سپس در گام دوم، ضریب اندازه اثر با استفاده از نرمافزار CMA بررسی شد. نتایج فراتحلیل نشان داد که دو متغیر از چهار متغیر پرتکرار در میان مطالعات مورد بررسی، تأثیر مستقیم و دو متغیر دیگر، اثر معکوس بر خودکشی یا گرایش به خودکشی داشتند. مشکلات روانی با اندازه اثر متوسط 437/0 و همچنین افسردگی با اندازه اثر 557/0، تأثیر مستقیم و محرک بر خودکشی یا گرایش به آن، و دینداری و حمایت اجتماعی نشاندهنده تأثیر معکوس و بازدارنده بر خودکشی بود.

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