مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش انحرافات و مسائل اجتماعی3060-821X516202621A Review of Iran's Macro Population Policies in the "Family Protection and Youthful Population Law"بررسی سیاست‌های کلان جمعیتی در قانون حمایت از خانواده و جوانی جمعیت129faابراهیمشیرعلیپژوهشگر جهاد دانشگاهی؛ دانشجوی دکتری جامعه‌شناسی توسعه اجتماعی- روستایی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5063-1044 محمداسکندری نسبدانشجوی دکتری جامعه‌شناسی توسعه اجتماعی- روستایی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9353-748X 2025923A Review of Iran's Macro Population Policies in the "Family Protection and Youthful Population Law"   Ebrahim Shirali<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a> Mohammad Eskandari Nasab<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a>     Given the demographic challenges facing Iran, such as declining fertility rates, delayed marriage, and an aging population, macro-level policymaking has gained significant importance. In this regard, the "Family Protection and Youthful Population Law" was enacted. This study examines various aspects of the law through a qualitative content analysis method using a conventional approach. The main objective of this research is to identify the dominant paradigm governing Iran's macro-population policies within this law and to analyze the prioritization of the family institution and the operational strategies aimed at achieving demographic goals in these documents. The findings indicate that in the studied law, the family is viewed both as an independent institution influencing social development and as a tool serving macro-population policies. Furthermore, certain contradictions and discontinuities are observed in the policies, including the simultaneous emphasis on family independence and its subordination to macro-governmental interests. Regarding operational policies, the primary focus is on financial support, facilitating youth marriage, improving welfare services, and strengthening family cultural values. However, the implementation of these policies has faced limitations and challenges. Overall, the results suggest that despite extensive efforts in drafting and promulgating this law, achieving demographic and childbearing goals requires greater policy coherence, resolution of existing conflicts, and strengthening executive mechanisms.   Keywords: Upstream documents, Population policies, Marriage and childbearing, Qualitative content analysis, social policy.   Introduction The demographic landscape of Iran has undergone a profound transformation over the past few decades, shifting from a state of high population growth to one characterized by a dramatic decline in fertility rates. This demographic transition, often described as one of the fastest in the world, has brought the country’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) below the replacement level. Concurrently, the nation faces emerging challenges such as a significant delay in the average age of marriage, an increase in celibacy, and the rapid onset of population aging. These trends pose potential threats to the country’s long-term economic sustainability, social security systems, and intergenerational support structures. In response to these alarms, the Iranian governance system has initiated a strategic paradigm shift in its macro-level policymaking. Moving away from the population control policies of the 1990s, the state has adopted a pro-natalist stance, culminating in the enactment of the "Family Protection and Youthful Population Law" in November 2021. This law represents the most comprehensive legislative effort to date, aiming to remove obstacles to marriage and childbearing through a combination of economic incentives, cultural interventions, and medical regulations. However, the mere ratification of such laws does not guarantee success. The primary problem addressing this study is the potential gap between legislative intent and sociological reality. There is a critical need to understand the underlying paradigm governing these policies: How is the "family" conceptualized in these documents? Is it viewed as an autonomous entity or a tool for statecraft? Furthermore, are the operational strategies designed in the law capable of reversing deep-seated cultural and structural trends? This study seeks to answer these questions by analyzing the content of the law and evaluating its consistency with the complexities of Iranian society. Theoretical Framework To interpret the logic behind the law, this study draws upon several demographic and economic theories. The economic theory of fertility, proposed by Gary Becker, suggests that couples make rational cost-benefit analyses regarding childbearing. From this perspective, children are viewed as "consumer goods" providing emotional utility or "production goods" providing labor and old-age security. The decline in fertility is thus attributed to the rising direct and indirect costs of raising children, particularly the "opportunity cost" for women. Consequently, state policies often focus on financial incentives to reduce these costs. However, the study also considers the "Second Demographic Transition" theory by Lesthaeghe, which argues that fertility decline in modern societies is driven more by deep cultural shifts toward individualism, self-realization, and secularization than by economics alone. Additionally, Peter McDonald’s theory of gender equity is utilized, which posits that low fertility arises from a disconnect between high gender equity in public institutions (education, workplace) and low gender equity in the private sphere (family). This theoretical triangulation allows for a critical assessment of whether the Iranian law addresses the multifaceted nature of fertility behavior or merely focuses on one dimension.   Methodology This research employs a qualitative content analysis method with a conventional approach to systematically examine the text of the "Family Protection and Youthful Population Law." This method was chosen to move beyond a superficial reading of the law and to uncover the latent themes, patterns, and contradictions embedded within the policy language. The unit of analysis is the complete text of the law, including its articles and clauses. The coding process was inductive, meaning that themes were derived directly from the data rather than being imposed by a pre-existing framework. The analysis focused on categorizing the law’s provisions into key themes such as marriage facilitation, housing support, employment incentives, medical interventions, and cultural re-engineering. Through this rigorous examination, the researchers identified the dominant discursive strategies used by the state to influence private family decisions and evaluated the coherence of these strategies against the theoretical backdrop.   Findings The content analysis of the "Family Protection and Youthful Population Law" yields complex and multifaceted findings, revealing a distinct paradigm in how the Iranian state interacts with the family institution. The findings are categorized into several critical dimensions: <ol style="text-align: left;"> <li>The analysis indicates a dual and somewhat paradoxical conceptualization of the family. On one hand, the law and upstream documents explicitly describe the family as an independent, fundamental institution essential for social development and stability. On the other hand, the detailed operational strategies reveal an instrumental view of the family, treating it primarily as a vehicle for achieving macro-demographic targets set by the state. This tension is evident in the shift from protecting family autonomy to mandating its compliance with broader governmental interests. The family is no longer just a private sanctuary but a public asset that must be managed to ensure national security and economic vitality.</li> <li>A significant portion of the law is dedicated to economic support, reflecting the influence of rational choice economic theories. The findings show that the law emphasizes providing interest-free loans (Qarz al-Hasna) for marriage, particularly incentivizing younger marriages (under 25 for men and under 23 for women) with higher loan amounts (Article 68). However, the analysis critiques this approach as insufficient. The law focuses heavily on the act of marriage itself rather than the sustainability of the marital union. While financial injections may lower the entry barrier to marriage, they do not address the long-term structural economic insecurity, inflation, and unemployment that cause young people to delay marriage. Furthermore, regarding student marriage, the law proposes the construction of dormitories and increasing housing allowances (Articles 7 & 8), but the findings suggest that students represent only a fraction of the youth population, leaving the vast majority of non-student youth with limited housing support.</li> <li>The law places a strong emphasis on encouraging larger families, specifically targeting the birth of a third child. Provisions include the allocation of state land, housing discounts, and utility subsidies (Articles 3, 4, & 18). A critical finding, however, is the conditional nature of these benefits. The law stipulates that certain incentives, such as land allocation, are only applicable in cities where the fertility rate is below 2.5. This creates a contradictory situation where families in regions with naturally higher fertility rates (often less developed areas like Sistan and Baluchestan) are excluded from state support, despite often being in greater need of economic assistance. This reveals a policy inconsistency where the law aims to increase the population but withholds support from the very segments of the population contributing most to this growth, potentially due to unstated socio-political preferences.</li> <li>One of the most distinct findings is the law’s extensive intervention in the medical and health sectors. Articles 51 through 66 mark a sharp departure from previous family planning eras. The law criminalizes or heavily restricts the distribution of free contraceptives, prohibits sterilization (vasectomy/tubectomy) without medical necessity, and imposes strict regulations on abortion. Concurrently, it mandates the expansion of infertility treatment centers and insurance coverage for infertile couples. The analysis suggests that this approach attempts to manage fertility through the "policing of the body" and restricting access to reproductive choices. While support for infertility is a positive step, the restrictive measures may lead to unintended consequences, such as a rise in unsafe illegal abortions or increased health risks for vulnerable women, without necessarily guaranteeing a sustainable increase in the birth rate.</li> <li>The findings highlight a complex approach to women’s employment. The law extends maternity leave to nine months and offers limited paternity leave, aiming to reconcile work and family life (Articles 17 & 21). It also provides telecommuting options for mothers. However, the analysis reveals a significant gap in coverage. These benefits are primarily enforceable in the public sector. For the vast majority of women working in the private sector, such mandates often translate into hiring discrimination, as private employers may view female employees as financial liabilities due to the mandated leave. Furthermore, the law promotes a traditional division of labor, implicitly encouraging women to prioritize domestic roles over professional aspirations. This contradicts the reality of highly educated Iranian women (per McDonald’s theory) who seek equity in both public and private spheres. The lack of job security guarantees for women returning from maternity leave in the private sector remains a major weakness.</li> <li>Finally, the law attempts to engineer culture through the educational system and media (Articles 28, 33). It mandates the inclusion of pro-family content in school curriculums and requires the national broadcaster (IRIB) to produce content glorifying childbearing. The findings suggest that this top-down cultural imposition ignores the deep sociological shifts toward individualism and the "quality over quantity" mindset regarding children (quality of life vs. number of children). The study finds that the law assumes cultural values can be dictated by the state, disregarding the "Second Demographic Transition" where values have shifted organically.</li> </ol>   Discussion and Conclusion The detailed analysis of the "Family Protection and Youthful Population Law" leads to the conclusion that while the Iranian state has correctly identified the demographic crisis, the chosen remedies may be palliative rather than curative. The law relies heavily on a "stimulus-response" model, assuming that financial handouts and restrictive medical regulations will automatically result in higher birth rates. The research concludes that this perspective is reductionist. It overlooks the profound structural insecurities—such as housing instability, inflation, and youth unemployment—that create a "wait-and-see" attitude among youth. Moreover, the law fails to fully address the cultural transformation of the Iranian family, where women’s autonomy and the desire for self-actualization play central roles. The contradictory nature of the policies—such as promoting family independence while heavily regulating reproductive choices, or aiming for population growth while excluding high-fertility provinces from benefits—undermines the law’s potential effectiveness. The reliance on the public sector for implementing employment benefits leaves a large portion of the workforce unprotected. Consequently, the law functions more as a set of temporary financial reliefs rather than a sustainable roadmap for demographic recovery. The study posits that without addressing the macro-economic stability and adapting to the modern definition of family roles (where gender equity is paramount), the demographic objectives are unlikely to be fully realized.   References Abbasi-Shavazi, M. J., McDonald, P., & Hosseini-Chavoshi, M. (2009) The fertility transition in Iran: Revolution and reproduction. Springer. Afshari, Z. (2016). The SOCIO- economics Determnants of Fertility in Iran (panel data aproch). Economic Growth and Development Research, 6(22), 20-13.[In Persian]<a href="https://egdr.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_2256.html?lang=en">https://egdr.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_2256.html?lang=en</a> Behzadifar M, Shahabi S, Bakhtiari A, Azari S, Behzadifar M. 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Tehran: Defense Industries Training and Research Institute. [In Persian] Mirzaei, K. (2016). Qualitative Research: Inquiry, Researcher, and Monograph Writing. Tehran: Foujan. [In Persian] Murdock, G. P. (1949) Social structure. The Macmillan Company. Naeimi, O., & Parto, H. (2015). Social Security Law with Emphasis on Insurance Fields. Tehran: SAMT Organization. [In Persian] Rezvanimofrad, A. and Zarneshan, S. (2016). Protection of ''Maternity rights'' in social security system. Public Law Studies Quarterly, 46(2), 319-336.[In Persian] <a href="https://doi.org/10.22059/jplsq.2016.58199">https://doi.org/10.22059/jplsq.2016.58199</a> Samani,L. and Shahriari,M. (2020). Investigating the Approach of Upstream Regulations and Documents to the Qualitative Dimensions of Population Increase. Iranian Population Studies, 6(2), 315-337. [In Persian]<a href="https://jips.nipr.ac.ir/article_134764.html">https://jips.nipr.ac.ir/article_134764.html</a>     <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> Researcher at ACECR; Ph.D. Student in Sociology of Social-Rural Development, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Ebrahim.Shirali@ut.ac.ir https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5063-1044 <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">**</a>Corresponding Author: Ph.D. Student in Sociology of Social-Rural Development, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Eskandari.m1991@ut.ac.ir https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9353-748Xبا توجه به چالش&zwnj;های جمعیتی کشور، از جمله کاهش نرخ باروری، تأخیر در ازدواج و افزایش سالمندی، سیاست&zwnj;گذاری&zwnj;های کلان و راهبردی، اهمیت ویژه&zwnj;ای یافته&zwnj;اند. در این راستا قانون حمایت از خانواده و جوانی جمعیت تصویب شده که جوانب آن در این مطالعه با روش تحلیل محتوای کیفی، رویکرد عرفی بررسی شده است. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، چیستی پارادایم حاکم بر سیاست&zwnj;های کلان جمعیتی ایران در این قانون و چگونگی اولویت&zwnj;بندی نهاد خانواده و راهبردهای عملیاتی برای تحقق اهداف جمعیتی در این اسناد است. یافته&zwnj;های پژوهش نشان می&zwnj;دهد که در قانون مورد مطالعه، خانواده هم به &zwnj;عنوان نهادی مستقل و تأثیرگذار بر توسعۀ اجتماعی و هم به &zwnj;عنوان ابزاری در خدمت سیاست&zwnj;های کلان جمعیتی مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. همچنین برخی تناقض&zwnj;ها و گسست&zwnj;ها در سیاست&zwnj;ها، از جمله تأکید هم&zwnj;زمان بر استقلال خانواده و تبعیت آن از مصلحت&zwnj;های کلان حکومتی مشاهده می&zwnj;شود. در بخش سیاست&zwnj;های عملیاتی، بیشترین توجه به حوزه&zwnj;های حمایت مالی، تسهیل ازدواج جوانان، ارتقای خدمات رفاهی و تقویت ارزش&zwnj;های فرهنگی خانواده معطوف شده است؛ در مجموع نتایج نشان می&zwnj;دهد که تحقق اهداف جمعیتی و فرزندآوری نیازمند انسجام بیشتر سیاست&zwnj;ها، رفع تعارضات موجود و تقویت سازوکارهای اجرایی است.

http://risi.ihss.ac.ir/en/Article/Download/51586

مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش انحرافات و مسائل اجتماعی3060-821X516202621Perceived Barriers to Childbearing: A Qualitative Study of Cultural, Social, and Familial Factors Among Religiously Observant Women Active in Virtual Spacesموانع ادراک‌ شده فرزندآوری: مطالعه‌ای کیفی عوامل فرهنگی، اجتماعی و خانوادگی در میان زنان مذهبی فعال در فضای مجازی3160faمحمدسلیمیدانشجوی دکتری جمعیت‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه تهران، ایرانhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9167-71772025106Perceived Barriers to Childbearing: A Qualitative Study of Cultural, Social, and Familial Factors Among Religiously Observant Women Active in Virtual Spaces   Mohammad Salimi<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a>   In the context of the demographic and social transformations of contemporary Iran, developing a deep understanding of women’s lived experiences of childbearing has become increasingly significant. This study aimed to explore and interpret the lived experiences of religious women active on social media regarding the factors, barriers, and consequences shaping their decisions about childbearing. Employing a qualitative research design with an interpretive phenomenological approach, the study used purposive and snowball sampling to recruit 32 religiously observant women who were active on social media platforms. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews until theoretical saturation was achieved. Thematic analysis, following Braun and Clarke’s multi-stage procedure, was applied to the data encompassing initial coding, theme extraction, and the development of final themes. The analysis revealed three core themes derived from participants’ lived experiences: (1) perceptions of inadequate social support within their relational networks; (2) structural, economic, and social barriers to childbearing; and (3) uncertainty about the future and sense of lack of control over it. The lived experiences of highly religious women regarding childbearing emerged as a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, situated within the tension between traditional-religious values and the contemporary social and economic realities of modern life. Despite their strong commitment to the maternal role, participants reported postponing or avoiding childbearing due to insufficient supportive structures, economic insecurities, and anxiety about the future. These findings underscore the importance of integrating structural and supportive dimensions of childbearing with women’s lived experiences in the formulation of effective population and family policies.   Keyword: Interpretive phenomenology; Lived experience; Religious women; Childbearing; Structural barriers; Family dynamics.   Introduction Over the past four decades, Iran has experienced two distinct approaches to demographic policy: first, fertility-limiting policies following the 1986 census, and second, a shift toward pro-natalist policies from the early 2010s in response to declining fertility and the accelerating aging of the population. Despite the enactment of high-level policy documents, supportive laws, and practical incentives, the country’s fertility rate has remained below replacement level, reaching 1.44 children per woman in 2024. This is in contrast to the higher reported ideal number of children in Iranian society, and the mean age at first childbirth has increased significantly over the past three decades. This situation highlights the gap between policy objectives and the lived fertility practices of individuals. From the perspective of the sociology of religion and family, it is expected that religiously observant women, due to cultural and religious values that support motherhood and generational continuity, would show greater alignment with pro-natalist policies. However, existing evidence points to a behavioral paradox: some highly religious women, despite their beliefs and value-based inclinations, delay or forgo childbearing in practice. This study, by focusing on the concept of “perceived barriers” and adopting a phenomenological approach, problematizes the disjunction between religious belief and fertility behavior within the lifeworld of religious women, situated in the context of contemporary social, cultural, and discursive transformations in Iran   Literature Review The review of existing literature indicates that religiosity, as a significant socio-cultural factor, is generally associated with higher fertility attitudes and intentions. Both domestic and international studies suggest that religious beliefs, spiritual experiences, and participation in religious practices can enhance the desire for childbearing by reinforcing family-centered values, imbuing parenthood with meaning, and reducing the perceived costs and challenges of childrearing. Empirical evidence from Iran similarly demonstrates that religiosity, in many instances even more than gendered attitudes, is positively correlated with fertility intentions, with women holding stronger religious convictions reporting higher ideal numbers of children. However, the scholarly literature emphasizes that the relationship between religiosity and fertility is neither simple nor linear. Meta-analyses, qualitative, and quantitative studies show that the influence of religiosity often operates within a complex interplay with economic, structural, social, and psychological barriers, and in many cases, these barriers can diminish or neutralize the effect of religiosity. Within this context, the concept of “perceived barriers” assumes particular significance; that is, women’s subjective interpretations of conditions such as economic insecurity, concerns about their child’s future, perceived inadequacy in fulfilling maternal roles, social pressures, and role conflicts can have a greater impact on fertility decisions than the objective presence of these challenges. Studies grounded in rational choice and planned behavior theories further indicate that religiosity primarily shapes fertility intentions by influencing attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, yet the translation of these intentions into actual childbearing depends on contextual conditions and the actors’ phenomenological interpretations. Moreover, recent research highlights the role of cyberspaces and exposure to conflicting discourses in redefining women’s attitudes and priorities, particularly among religious women. According to the conceptual framework of the present study is anchored in the interaction among religiosity, perceived barriers, and the lifeworld of religious women. It posits that the “behavioral silence or suspension in fertility” is not the result of an absence of religious values, but rather emerges from women’s meaning-making processes regarding economic, social, cultural, and discursive obstacles within contemporary life—especially in the context of digital activism and engagement in virtual spaces.   Theoretical Considerations This study employs an integrative, multilevel conceptual framework to elucidate the barriers to childbearing among religious women, taking into account the interplay of macro-, meso-, and micro-level factors in the fertility decision-making process. At the macro level, value and cultural transformations conceptualized in the Second Demographic Transition theory, alongside economic conditions and rational calculations related to human capital, elucidate the structural and cultural contexts underpinning reduced fertility intentions. These transformations, interacting with the religious value system, create a complex decision-making field for religious women. At the meso level, social networks and norms—mediated through family, religious groups, peers, and particularly digital spaces—shape women’s perceptions of the benefits and barriers of childbearing. These networks, by generating norms, role models, and social support, can act as both facilitators and inhibitors in fertility-related decisions. In the micro level, cognitive and psychological processes—especially attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and parental self-efficacy—play a central role in shaping fertility intentions and behavioral suspension. Religious interpretations and the degree of practical adherence to beliefs directly influence these components. This framework, by emphasizing the dynamic interaction across different levels and the role of perceived uncertainty about the future, demonstrates that the shortcomings of demographic policies are less a consequence of insufficient incentives and more the result of neglecting this multidimensional, contextually grounded interplay   Method This study was conducted using a qualitative approach, employing descriptive phenomenology. The aim of this approach is to understand and describe the lived experiences of religious women regarding their perceived barriers to childbearing within the context of contemporary life and digital spaces. The universe of study comprised married and unmarried women with overt religious beliefs who were active in virtual spaces and, despite a potential inclination toward childbearing, had postponed or abstained from it. Purposeful sampling followed by snowball sampling was employed, resulting in a total of 32 participants. Selection criteria included self-reported religiosity, active engagement on cyberspace (Instagram or Telegram) producing content & posts related to religious or Islamic lifestyle topics, and experience of postponing or forgoing childbearing. Variation in levels of religiosity and types of online engagement allowed for the representation of multiple voices. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis following the approach of Braun and Clarke.   Findings The qualitative analysis of interview data led to the identification of three overarching themes that reflect the perceptions and lived experiences of religious women regarding barriers to childbearing. The first theme, “Perceived Lack of Social Support,” encompasses experiences such as fear of loneliness in performing parental roles, the embodied and psychological suffering associated with motherhood, and a sense of stagnation in personal and social growth. Participants perceived childbearing, in the absence of effective familial, institutional, and social support, as a draining and individualized experience. Second theme, “Childbearing-Inhibiting Ecosystem,” captures women’s lived experiences of the heavy costs and obligations of childbearing, perceptions of inadequate social backing, and concerns about environmental and societal risks. Within this framework, childbearing is not merely an individual choice but is experienced as a high-risk endeavor within an insecure and unsupportive structural context. Third theme, “Ambiguity and Lack of Control over the Future,” involves feelings of a lack of control over economic conditions and anxiety regarding normative and value-based ruptures in the next generation. This sense of ambiguity, as one of the most salient perceived barriers, plays a pivotal role in the postponement or suspension of childbearing decisions. Findings indicate that the silence or suspension of reproductive behavior among religious women is not a consequence of weakened religious beliefs, but rather emerges from their meaningful interpretation of a complex set of social, structural, and psychological barriers within the contemporary lifeworld.   Discussion The findings of this study reveal a profound transformation in the identity and meaning-making patterns of highly religious women in Iranian society—a transformation that can be interpreted as a shift from “motherhood as destiny” to “motherhood as deliberate choice.” Phenomenological analysis indicates that, for contemporary religious women, the selection of maternal roles at younger ages is no longer a taken-for-granted or predetermined trajectory, as it was for previous generations; rather, it is a reflective act situated within structural uncertainties, existential calculations, and complex semantic evaluations. This condition signifies the emergence of a reflexive subject who continuously reinterprets motherhood even within the framework of religious beliefs. Findings also indicate the formation of a meaningful gap between traditional discourse on maternal responsibility and women’s lived experiences of role accumulation, lack of support, and structural incongruities. This gap has led to a kind of crisis of meaning at the intersubjective level, wherein traditional semantic structures lose their capacity to respond adequately to novel existential conditions. Within this framework, hesitation or suspension in childbearing is not an irrational act, but rather a hermeneutic and cautious response to economic, social, and embodied uncertainties. According to the study’s results, childbearing among religious women is not merely a demographic or economic issue, but an existential and phenomenological concern, shaped at the levels of meaning, identity, and lifeworld. Consequently, the failure of demographic policies is less a result of insufficient incentives and more a consequence of neglecting women’s lived experiences and the absence of a family-centered and intersubjective approach in policy-making. The findings underscore the necessity of shifting from unidimensional demographic policies to strategies that, by reconstructing a safe lifeworld, strengthening supportive networks, fostering active husband participation, and redefining the meaning of responsible motherhood, enable the translation of religious values into actual reproductive practice   References Abbasi, A., Sadeghi,R. , Maleki,A. and Balakhani,G. (2022). A meta-analysis of factors related to fertility attitudes, desires, and childbearing intentions in Iranian studies. Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities, 14(4), 63-92. <a href="https://doi.org/10.22035/isih.2021.4546.4509">doi: 10.22035/isih.2021.4546.4509</a> Afshani, S. A., Abouei, A., & Rouhani, A. (2022). 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Current Research in Medical Sciences, 1(1), 15-22. <a href="http://crms.mubabol.ac.ir/article-1-193-en.html">http://crms.mubabol.ac.ir/article-1-193-en.html</a>     <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">* Ph</a>.D. Student in Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. salimi.mohammad@ut.ac.ir https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9167-7177در بستر تحولات جمعیت&zwnj;شناختی و اجتماعی ایران معاصر، درک عمیق تجربه&zwnj;های زیسته زنان درباره فرزندآوری، اهمیت بالایی یافته است. این پژوهش با هدف کشف و تفسیر تجربههای زیسته زنان مذهبی فعال در فضای مجازی درباره عوامل، موانع و پیامدهای تصمیم&zwnj;گیری درباره فرزندآوری انجام گرفت. مطالعه با رویکرد پدیدارشناسی تفسیری و روش کیفی طی سالهای 1401 و 1402 و از طریق مصاحبه&zwnj;های حضوری و متنی و آنلاین صورت پذیرفت. از طریق نمونه&zwnj;گیری هدفمند و روش گلوله برفی، 32 زن مذهبی فعال در فضای مجازی انتخاب شدند. داده&zwnj;ها از طریق مصاحبه&zwnj;های عمیق نیمه&zwnj;ساختاریافته تا رسیدن به اشباع نظری گردآوری شد. تحلیل داده&zwnj;ها با استفاده از روش تحلیل مضمون کلارک و براون در چندین مرحله شامل کدگذاری اولیه، استخراج مضامین و تدوین مضامین نهایی صورت گرفت. یافته&zwnj;ها از تحلیل تجربههای زیسته مشارکت&zwnj;کنندگان، سه مضمون اصلی استخراج شد که عبارتند از درک زنان از فقدان حمایت اجتماعی، زیست بوم بازدارنده فرزندآوری و ابهام در آینده و عدم کنترل آن است. تجربۀ زیسته زنان با دینداری بالا درباره فرزندآوری، پدیده&zwnj;ای پیچیده و چندوجهی است که در تقابل میان ارزش&zwnj;های دینی- سنتی و واقعیت&zwnj;های اجتماعی و اقتصادی معاصر شکل می&zwnj;گیرد. مشارکت&zwnj;کنندگان علی&zwnj;رغم پایبندی به نقش مادری، تحت فشار ساختارهای اجتماعی غیر حامی ناکافی، نگرانی&zwnj;های اقتصادی و اضطراب از آینده، تصمیم&zwnj;گیری درباره فرزندآوری را به تعویق می&zwnj;اندازند یا از آن اجتناب می&zwnj;کنند. این یافته&zwnj;ها، ضرورت توجه به ابعاد ساختاری و حمایتی فرزندآوری در کنار درنظرگیری تجربههای زیسته زنان را برای سیاست&zwnj;گذاری&zwnj;های جمعیتی مؤثر نشان می&zwnj;دهد.

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مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش انحرافات و مسائل اجتماعی3060-821X516202621The Effect of Social Networks on the Students’ Attitude Towards Gender Justice Case Study: Iranshahr Velayet Universityتأثیر شبکه‌های اجتماعی بر نگرش دانشجویان به عدالت جنسیتی مورد مطالعه: دانشگاه ولایت ایرانشهر6188faالهامشیردلاستادیار گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران 0000-0002-3381-0937حسین ابراهیم زاده آسمیندانشیار گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران 0000-0001-5635-4498 زیور شیبانی کارشناسی¬ارشد، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران 0009-0008-6510-95482025816The Effect of Social Networks on the Students’ Attitude Towards Gender Justice Case Study: Iranshahr Velayet University   Elham Shirdel<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a>  Hossein Ebrahimzadeh Asmin<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a> Zivar Sheibani<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">***</a>   Today, social networks are considered a new pillar in the society due to the speed of their spread, and they have become a huge tool to increase people's awareness of the rights and capabilities of women in the society. This applied research was conducted with the aim of investigating the impact of social networks on the attitude towards gender justice. In this research, the survey method and the Jahanbani social network questionnaire and the Amralahi gender justice questionnaire were used. The statistical population of this research consists of all the students of Iranshahr Province University, based on Cochran's formula, the sample size of 365 people was determined by simple random sampling. Data analysis was done by structural equation modeling and Smart PLS software. Examining the hypotheses of the research showed that social networks in different dimensions include the type of social network, the amount and type of social network use, the content of social network, the quantity of social interactions, participation and being active in social network, trust in social network and reference patterns in social network on Students' attitudes towards gender justice have a direct and significant effect. Also, in general, social networks increase the attitude towards gender justice in students of Iranshahr Province University. Therefore, increasing the quantity and quality of social networks as a source of vast and accessible information can improve more quickly students' awareness and attitude towards gender justice.   Keywords: Information Technology, Social Network, Gender Justice, Iranshahr Velayet University, Students.   Introduction  Gender inequality means taking all the benefits, gifts, and positions of each society so that one gender is deprived of it and the other gender enjoys it. The relationship between economic-social development and gender inequality is a two-way relationship, and it cannot be expected that gender inequality will also be reduced by planning for economic development, but in the first place, it should be planned to reduce the gaps, then accelerate and strengthen economic development. Based on this, gender equality is one of the goals and programs of the social system, and the factors affecting it should be measured. Among these factors, the development of information and communication technology infrastructures, especially social networks, can be mentioned. Undoubtedly, social networks have led to vast changes in all economic and social fields of humanity, and their effect on various societies has been such that the present age is rapidly becoming an information society. Virtual social networks are considered one of the most important social media. These networks are a chain of communication and social network groups with the non-physical presence of people in a virtual place, which by increasing the information of users and their interactions with like-minded people, has caused women and men to overcome traditional and cultural misconceptions, which in general it is beneficial for the presence of women in society.   Purpose: The amount of personal and academic use of the Internet and virtual social networks by students and young people is higher. On the other hand, students represent the intellectual and educated class of their society. Finally, Iranshahr Provincial University is the arena of social encounters with different cultures, different genders, ethnicities, and different religions, and this research can provide more knowledge about the gender inequality situation in this sample and the impact of social networks on this issue. According to above mentioned situation, the present research seeks to answer the question, what effect does the use of virtual social networks have on the attitude of women and men students towards gender inequality? The theory of planting and Giddens construction theory, and other related theories were used for the theoretical framework and the extraction of research hypotheses.   Method In this study, to investigate the impact of students' attitudes toward gender inequality on social networks, a survey research method was applied to collect data, Jahanbani's virtual social networks questionnaire (2018) and Amralahi's gender inequality questionnaire (2019) were used. The reliability of the variables was evaluated based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient at a high level. The statistical population of this research made up of all the students of Iranshahr Province University (7500 people) and 365 people were selected as the final sample of the present study by simple random sampling method. To analyze the data, structural equation modeling applied using Smart PLS software.   Findings Based on t-statistics, all paths and assumptions of the research were significant and the model presented in this research was confirmed. Examining the results of research hypotheses showed that all dimensions of virtual social networks, in general, have a direct and significant effect on the attitude towards gender inequality. The results of the statistical test indicate the type of virtual social network, the amount of use of social networks, trust in social networks, purpose of use of social networks, the content of social networks, the amount of participation and activity in social networks with the attitude towards gender inequality in the students of Velayat University. Iranshahr has a direct and meaningful relationship.   Conclusion The use of social networks can help to raise awareness and influence the attitude towards gender inequality. By disseminating information and views about gender equality and gender roles, social networks can be the basis for increasing public awareness about this issue. The results obtained in this case are corroborants with the research of Abdullahian and Homan (2019) and Noord et al. (2015). The type of virtual social networks such as Instagram, Twitter, WhatsApp, and Telegram can have a different effect on the attitude towards gender inequality. By focusing on images and visual content, Instagram can promote gender ideals, and different beauty standards based on gender, portraying negative and discriminatory gender roles. At the same time, Twitter, as a platform for expressing and exchanging opinions, can be a ground for discussion about gender equality and awareness of diverse experiences and perspectives. Therefore, the influence of these networks depends on how they are used and the content published in them. The amount of use of virtual social networks can have an important effect on the attitude towards gender inequality. The type of use of social networks can have a significant effect on the attitude towards gender inequality. The behavior and activities of people in these networks, including publishing content, demanding gender rights, exchanging opinions, participating in gender equality movements, and supporting related movements, can affect the formation of people's attitudes and views about gender inequality. The content of social networks can have a significant effect on the attitude towards gender inequality. These networks act as a platform for publishing and sharing content, opinions, views, and experiences of people. Also, more interactions in social networks can help increase people's awareness about gender inequality issues. People can hear diverse experiences and perspectives related to gender inequality and gain new information through interaction with other people. The amount of participation and activity in social networks can have a significant effect on the attitude towards gender inequality. When people are active and participating in social networks, it can help to change their attitudes and views towards gender inequality. The level of trust in social networks can have a significant effect on the attitude towards gender inequality. Trusting social networks means trusting the information and content published in these networks. To the extent that people trust these contents, its effect on their attitudes towards gender inequality is determined. Reference models, or behavioral examples and views that are displayed in social networks and noticed by people, can significantly impact the attitude towards gender inequality. In social networks, by seeing and observing the patterns and behaviors of others, people experience a direct or indirect influence in accepting and changing their attitudes toward gender inequality.   References Akpuokwe, C. 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Interdisciplinary Humanities and Communication Studies, 1 (10), 1-6. <a href="https://doi.org/10.61173/63dg2d93">https://doi.org/10.61173/63dg2d93</a>.   <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> Corresponding Author: Assistant Professor, Department of Social Science, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Sistan & Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran. <a href="mailto:eshirdel@lihu.usb.ac.ir">eshirdel@lihu.usb.ac.ir</a> 0000-0002-3381-0937 <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">**</a> Associate Professor, Department of Social Science, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Sistan & Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran. <a href="mailto:h.ebrahim@lihu.usb.ac.ir">h.ebrahim@lihu.usb.ac.ir</a> 0000-0001-5635-4498 <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">***</a> M.A in Sociology, Department of Social Science, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Sistan & Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.  <a href="mailto:zivarsheibani70@gmail.com">zivarsheibani70@gmail.com</a> 0009-0008-6510-9548امروزه شبکههای اجتماعی با توجه به سرعت انتشار و گستردگی آن، ستون جدیدی در جامعه محسوب میشوند و به ابزاری عظیم برای افزایش آگاهی افراد از حقوق و توانمندیهای زنان در جامعه تبدیل شده&zwnj;اند. این پژوهش کاربردی با هدف بررسی تأثیر شبکههای اجتماعی بر نگرش نسبت به عدالت جنسیتی انجام شده است. در این پژوهش از روش پیمایشی و ابزار پرسشنامه «شبکههای اجتماعی» جهانبانی و پرسشنامه «عدالت جنسیتی» امراللهی استفاده شده است. جامعه آماری را کلیه دانشجویان دانشگاه ولایت ایرانشهر تشکیل میدهد که بر اساس فرمول کوکران، حجم نمونه 365 نفر به شیوۀ نمونهگیری تصادفی ساده تعیین شده است. تجزیه و تحلیل دادهها با مدلسازی معادلات ساختاری و نرم&zwnj;افزار Smart PLS انجام شده است. بررسی فرضیههای پژوهش نشان داد که شبکههای اجتماعی در ابعاد مختلف شامل نوع شبکه اجتماعی، میزان و نوع استفاده از شبکۀ اجتماعی، محتوای شبکه اجتماعی، کمیت تعاملات اجتماعی، مشارکت و فعال بودن در شبکه اجتماعی، اعتماد به شبکه اجتماعی و الگوهای مرجع در شبکۀ اجتماعی در نگرش دانشجویان نسبت به عدالت جنسیتی، تأثیر مستقیم و معناداری دارند. همچنین به طور کلی شبکههای اجتماعی باعث افزایش نگرش نسبت به عدالت جنسیتی در دانشجویان دانشگاه ولایت ایرانشهر میشود. بنابراین افزایش کمیت و کیفیت شبکههای اجتماعی به عنوان منبع اطلاعات وسیع و در دسترس میتواند با سرعت بیشتری، آگاهی و نگرش دانشجویان را نسبت به عدالت جنسیتی بهبود ببخشد.

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مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش انحرافات و مسائل اجتماعی3060-821X516202621Identifying cultural factors affecting psychological violence against women in the familyواکاوی عوامل مؤثر بر خشونت روانی زناشویی علیه زنان بر اساس تجربه¬های مشاوران خانواده و روان‌شناسان شهر بجستان89124faمحمدعلیطالبیاستادیار گروه جامعه‌شناسی دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه پیام نور تهران، ایران https://orcid.org/0000000168222046راضیهشیبانی بجستاندانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد روانسنجی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گناباد، تهران، ایران https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9007-606720251030Analyze the Factors affecting Marital Psychological Violence Against Women Based on the Experiences of Family Counselors and Psychologists in Bajestan City   Mohammad Ali Talebi<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"></a>*  Raziyeh Sheibani BajestanBottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form  <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a>   Psychological violence against women within the family is a complex phenomenon that threatens women’s mental health and social status. This qualitative study was conducted using a phenomenological approach and semi-structured interviews with twenty counselors and psychologists in Bajestan City, and 1,024 codes were extracted using MAXQDA software (version 2022). The findings showed that psychological violence includes verbal humiliation, behavioral control, emotional neglect, indirect threats, and digital psychological violence. Influencing factors included individual characteristics (emotional insecurity of perpetrators and financial dependency of victims), family factors (power inequality and lack of healthy dialogue), and social attitudes (patriarchal beliefs and the normalization of violence). The consequences included depression, anxiety, reduced self-esteem, post-traumatic stress disorder, social isolation, and the severance of family relationships. The proposed solutions included communication skills training, social and legal support, therapeutic interventions such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and the use of technology for prevention and support. The study emphasizes the need for comprehensive approaches and the development of educational programs, supportive laws, and online platforms to help women exit the cycle of violence. Keywords: Psychological Violence; Women; Family; Family Counselors; Psychologists.   Objectives Psychological violence against women within the family is one of the most significant and yet most hidden forms of domestic violence, with profound and long-lasting effects on women’s mental health, social functioning, and quality of life (Bashiri & Kouhi, 2017). Throughout human history, violence has been a persistent social phenomenon embedded in structures of domination, coercion, and inequality, often normalized within everyday social relations (Azzazi, 2003). In this context, the family—despite being the most fundamental and enduring social institution—can also become a setting for the reproduction of violence and unequal power relations (Saroukhani, 2007). Psychological violence differs from physical violence in that it is less visible and often goes unrecognized as violence, both by victims and by society. Behaviors such as humiliation, emotional neglect, threats, excessive control, and violation of personal boundaries may be perceived as normal or acceptable within marital relationships, particularly in patriarchal and traditional cultural contexts (Kazemi & Ghasemi, 2023). In many developing societies, psychological violence against women is frequently ignored or underestimated, despite its deep and damaging consequences for women’s psychological well-being and family relationships (Bashiri & Kouhi, 2017). Cultural, social, and structural factors play a crucial role in the emergence and persistence of psychological violence. Patriarchal beliefs, gender stereotypes, and unequal power relations within the family legitimize male dominance and contribute to the normalization of emotional abuse against women. Moreover, variations in cultural, social, economic, and educational contexts place women at increased risk of psychological violence, which not only harms their mental health but also negatively affects family stability and children’s well-being. Despite the prevalence and severity of psychological violence, many women remain trapped in cycles of abuse due to fear of social stigma, lack of legal and social support, feelings of guilt, and financial dependency on their spouses (Kazemi & Ghasemi, 2023). In such contexts, victims are often blamed for the violence they experience, while perpetrators are absolved of responsibility, further reinforcing structural inequality and silence surrounding psychological violence. Given the widespread nature of psychological violence and its serious psychological and social consequences, there is a clear need for in-depth qualitative research to identify the factors underlying this phenomenon. Accordingly, the main objective of this study is to identify and analyze the factors influencing psychological marital violence against women based on the lived experiences of family counselors and psychologists in Bajestan city, with the aim of contributing to culturally informed prevention and intervention strategies.   Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form Methods This study employed a qualitative research design using a phenomenological approach in order to explore the factors influencing psychological violence against women within the family. The phenomenological method was selected because it enables an in-depth understanding of individuals’ lived experiences and the meanings they attribute to social phenomena, particularly hidden and complex forms of violence such as psychological abuse. The research population consisted of family counselors and psychologists in Iran who had direct professional experience in working with women exposed to psychological violence. Participants were selected through purposive sampling, with the inclusion criterion of having at least three years of professional experience in counseling or psychological services related to family and domestic violence. Sampling continued until theoretical saturation was achieved, at which point no new conceptual information emerged from the interviews. In total, twenty counselors and psychologists participated in the study. Data were collected through semi-structured, in-depth interviews, which allowed participants to freely express their professional experiences and observations while providing the researcher with sufficient flexibility to explore emerging themes. The interview questions focused on the forms of psychological violence against women, cultural and social factors contributing to its occurrence and persistence, and the perceived consequences and coping strategies related to this type of violence. All interviews were conducted with participants’ informed consent, audio-recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Data analysis was carried out simultaneously with data collection using MAXQDA software (version 2022). The analytical process involved open coding to identify initial meaning units, followed by axial coding to organize codes into related categories and broader themes. Through this process, a total of 1,024 initial codes were extracted and systematically categorized into main themes and subthemes reflecting individual, familial, and sociocultural dimensions of psychological violence. To ensure the credibility and trustworthiness of the findings, several strategies were employed, including continuous comparison of data, peer review of the coding process, and validation of the extracted themes by experts in the fields of sociology, psychology, and family counseling. These procedures enhanced the rigid of the qualitative analysis and strengthened the reliability of the study’s results.   Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form Results The analysis of the interview data resulted in the extraction of 1,024 initial codes, which were organized through open and axial coding into several interconnected themes. The findings indicated that psychological violence against women within the family manifests in diverse and overlapping forms. These forms included verbal humiliation, behavioral control, emotional neglect, indirect threats, and digital psychological violence. In addition, participants emphasized the increasing prevalence of digital psychological violence, including monitoring mobile phones, controlling social media interactions, and using digital technologies to exert continuous psychological pressure on women. The findings further revealed that psychological violence is influenced by a combination of individual, family, and sociocultural factors. Participants reported that women with limited economic independence were more vulnerable to continued exposure to psychological violence. The absence of healthy and constructive dialogue between spouses led to unresolved conflicts. In addition, interference from extended family members, particularly the husband’s family, weakened women’s positions within the family and exacerbated psychological abuse. At the sociocultural level, patriarchal norms, gender stereotypes, and the normalization of psychological violence were identified as influential factors. Cultural beliefs that legitimize male authority and expect female obedience contributed to the justification and invisibility of psychological violence. Participants noted that such cultural norms often prevent women from recognizing their experiences as violence and discourage them from seeking help. The consequences of psychological violence were found to be extensive and severe. These consequences often reinforced women’s dependency and further trapped them in a cycle of psychological violence.   Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form Conclusion The findings of this study indicate that psychological violence against women is a complex, multidimensional, and structural phenomenon that is deeply rooted in unequal power relations within the family, patriarchal cultural norms, and gendered processes of socialization. The study demonstrates that psychological violence gradually erodes women’s mental health, self-esteem, emotional security, and social participation. These consequences not only affect women individually but also undermine family stability and social cohesion. The results further emphasize that effective responses to psychological violence require comprehensive and multi-level strategies. Educational interventions aimed at improving communication skills, increasing awareness of psychological violence, and challenging patriarchal beliefs are essential at both individual and community levels. In addition, strengthening social and legal support systems, expanding access to counseling and mental health services, and developing culturally sensitive policies are necessary to protect women and reduce the normalization of violence. Overall, the findings underscore the need for culturally informed, interdisciplinary approaches to break the cycle of psychological violence against women and promote mental health, gender equity, and family well-being.   Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form Reference Akhmedshina, f. (2020) violence against women: a form of discrimination and human rights violations. mental enlightenment scientific-methodological journal, (1): 13-23. Amiri Fard, Z, et al. (2024) "Modeling Domestic Violence Based on Stress Factors and Coping Strategies with the Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation Difficulties in Women Victims of Domestic Abuse from a Cultural Perspective," Cultural Psychology of Women, Volume 15, Issue 60, pp. 51-69. 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Zamani-Moghadam, M and Hasanvandi, S (2019) "Qualitative Study of Domestic Violence Against Housewife Women in Khorramabad," Journal of Woman and Society, Volume 10, Issue 39, pp. 145-170.       <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"></a>*Corresponding Author: Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. <a href="mailto:M.taiebi@pnu.ac.ir">M.taiebi@pnu.ac.ir</a> https://orcid.org/0000000168222046 <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">**</a> M.A in Psychometrics, Faculty of Social Sciences and Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Gonabad Branch, Gonabad, Iran. <a href="mailto:raziehshybani.1998@gmail.com">raziehshybani.1998@gmail.com</a> https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9007-6067خشونت روانی علیه زنان در خانواده، پدیده&zwnj;ای پیچیده است که سلامت روان و جایگاه اجتماعی زنان را تهدید می&zwnj;کند. این پژوهش کیفی با رویکرد پدیدارشناسی و مصاحبه&zwnj;های نیمه&zwnj;ساختاریافته با بیست مشاور و روان&zwnj;شناس در ایران انجام شد و با نرم&zwnj;افزار MAXQDA ، ۱۰۲۴ کد استخراج گردید. یافته&zwnj;ها نشان داد که خشونت روانی شامل تحقیر کلامی، کنترل&zwnj;گری رفتاری، طرد عاطفی، تهدیدهای غیر مستقیم و خشونت روانی دیجیتال است. عوامل مؤثر شامل ویژگی&zwnj;های فردی (ناامنی عاطفی مرتکبان و وابستگی مالی قربانیان)، عوامل خانوادگی (نابرابری قدرت و نبود گفت&zwnj;وگوی سالم) و نگرش&zwnj;های اجتماعی (باورهای مردسالارانه و عادی&zwnj;سازی خشونت) بود. پیامدها شامل افسردگی، اضطراب، کاهش عزت&zwnj;نفس، اختلال استرس پس از سانحه، انزوای اجتماعی و قطع روابط خانوادگی است. راهکارها شامل آموزش مهارت&zwnj;های ارتباطی، حمایت&zwnj;های اجتماعی و قانونی، مداخلات درمانی مانند CBT و استفاده از فناوری برای پیشگیری و حمایت بود. پژوهش بر لزوم رویکردهای جامع و توسعۀ برنامه&zwnj;های آموزشی، قوانین حمایتی و پلتفرم&zwnj;های آنلاین برای خروج زنان از چرخه خشونت تأکید می&zwnj;کند.

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مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش انحرافات و مسائل اجتماعی3060-821X516202621Effectiveness of ACT Therapy in Treating Marital Disputes from the Perspective of Newlywed Couples in Rasht Cityنقش درمانACT در اختلافات زناشویی از دیدگاه زوج‌های تازه ازدواج کرده مورد مطالعه شهر رشت125151faرضاقاسمی جوبنهاستادیار مشاوره، گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2627-462Xمجتبی جانعلی‌پور چناررودخانیکارشناس ارشد مشاوره خانواده، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایرانhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3377-8727امیرمحمدتوخشکارشناس ارشد مشاوره توانبخشی، دانشکده روان‌شناسی و علوم‌تربیتی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران 0009-0003-9573-9958مریم دلدار گوهردانیکارشناس ارشد روان‌شناسی و آموزش کودکان استثنائی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایرانhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0883-29312025818Effectiveness of ACT Therapy in Treating  Marital Disputes from the Perspective of Newlywed Couples in Rasht City Reza Ghasemi Joubaneh<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a> Mojtaba Janalipour Chenarroudkhani<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a> Amir Mohammad Tokhsh<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">***</a> Maryam Deldar Gohardani<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4">****</a> Disagreements in a marital relationship are natural, but they require constructive management and resolution, especially in newly married couples. The purpose of the present study was to conduct a case study of the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy in treating marital disputes from the perspective of newly married couples. The present study was conducted using a qualitative method and a phenomenological approach. The study population included all newly married couples who referred to counseling centers in Rasht - who received ACT. According to the researchers' call at the counseling centers in Rasht, 30 people (15 couples) announced that they were willing to participate in the study. The research sampling method was criterion-based purposive sampling. 20 people (10 couples) qualified to participate in the study. Due to theoretical considerations, 12 people (6 couples) of the participants were interviewed. In this study, the researchers used semi-structured interviews. The interviews were analyzed using the Claise seven-step method using MAXQDA software. The main themes of the study included changes in thinking and feeling, reducing disagreement, challenges and barriers in treatment, impact on shared values and goals, and attention to feelings and long-term effects of treatment. Based on the findings, ACT was effective in resolving couples' disagreements, which has important implications for family counselors who can use ACT to enrich couples' married lives, strengthen families, and consequently prevent instability in marriage.   Keywords: Marriage, Marital Conflict, Couple, Relationship, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Introduction Marital disputes are an inevitable challenge in life together, especially in the early years of marriage. Research shows that the first five years of marriage are a critical and decisive period for the formation of future communication patterns and marital satisfaction (Lavner, 2014). Newly married couples are exposed to increased tensions due to the changes in roles, expectations, and adaptation to the lifestyle of the couple. The inability to constructively manage these conflicts can lead to the accumulation of problems, reduced satisfaction, emotional distress, and in extreme cases, an increased risk of emotional or formal divorce (Abdollahi et al., 2021). According to statistics, the divorce rate is higher in the early years of marriage, which indicates the importance of timely and effective interventions at this stage. In the meantime, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), as one of the third wave behavioral therapies, has attracted considerable attention in the field of couples therapy) Khanjani Veshki et al, 2016(and its main goal is to increase psychological flexibility. Rather than focusing on directly eliminating or changing difficult thoughts and feelings, ACT emphasizes six key processes: acceptance of unpleasant internal experiences, cognitive dissociation, contact with the present moment, self as context, clarification of values, and committed action in line with those values (Ito & Muto, 2020). Although previous studies have confirmed the effectiveness of ACT in reducing marital conflict and increasing satisfaction (Pour seyyed Aghaei et al., 1403; Khosravi et al., 2025), most of these studies have been conducted with quantitative methods and from an external perspective. There is a lack of qualitative research that addresses the lived experience and in-depth understanding of couples themselves of the treatment process. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to conduct an in-depth and case study investigation of the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy in managing marital conflicts, from the perspective of newly married couples themselves.   Research Method This study was conducted with a qualitative method and a phenomenological approach to understand and describe the participants' shared experience of receiving ACT treatment. The research population included all newly married couples (less than 14 months since the date of marriage) who referred to counseling centers in Rasht and had undergone ACT treatment. Using purposive sampling based on criteria, and considering the inclusion criteria (such as age 25 to 35 years, minimum diploma (qualified), unique receipt of ACT and no use of psychotropic drugs), 10 couples (20 people) were identified as eligible out of 15 volunteer couples. However, for data collection, interviews continued until theoretical saturation was reached, and finally in-depth interviews were conducted with 6 couples (12 people). The main data collection tool was a semi-structured interview, which was conducted with 10 central questions. Each interview lasted between 40 and 50 minutes and was recorded and then transcribed with the consent and confidentiality of the participants. The seven-step Claise method was used to analyze the data with the help of MAXQDA software. The analysis steps included: 1) repeated reading of the interview text, 2) extraction of meaningful phrases, 3) formulation of meanings, 4) organization of meanings in conceptual clusters, 5) creation of subcategories and categories, 6) comprehensive description of the phenomenon, and 7) validation by returning the findings to the participants. Internal validation (acceptability) was carried out through feedback from the participants.   Research findings The analysis of the interviews led to the extraction of 5 main themes and 10 subthemes that reflected the participants’ experience of ACT therapy. <ol style="text-align: left;"> <li>Change in thinking and feeling: This theme refers to a fundamental transformation in the couple attitudes and emotions. Acceptance of negative feelings and thoughts: Participants reported that after therapy, instead of suppressing or fighting feelings such as anger, frustration, or sadness, they learned to accept them as a natural part of the relationship. Change in attitude towards disagreements: The view of conflict changed from a “threat” or “failure” to an “opportunity” for mutual understanding and dialogue.</li> <li>Reduced conflict: Participants reported a significant reduction in the intensity and frequency of conflicts. Reduced tension and conflict: The skills learned, such as acceptance and forgiveness, prevented small arguments from escalating into major arguments Improved communication and interactions: Conversations became more constructive and focused on solving the problem. Active listening and non-blaming expression of feelings increased.</li> <li>Challenges and barriers to treatment: two main problems were identified. Resistance to accepting unpleasant emotions &Time-consuming changes: Waiting to see tangible and lasting results required patience and persistence.</li> <li>Impact on shared values and goals: It helped couples focus on everyday issues deeper than ACT differences. Greater alignment in life goals: Discussions about values made individual and shared goals clearer and more aligned. Strengthening shared values in the relationship: Values such as respect, honesty, and shared growth were strengthened as a framework for evaluating behaviors and decisions.</li> <li>Attention to feelings and long-term effects of therapy: Participants noted the lasting effects of therapy on the overall quality of the relationship. Increased feelings of peace and satisfaction in the relationship: With a decrease in fear of conflict and an increase in mutual understanding, feelings of security and peace in the relationship increased. Individual and shared growth: Participants felt that they had grown not only in their relationship, but also as individuals. This individual growth, in turn, enriched the relationship.</li> </ol>   Discussion and Conclusion The findings of this qualitative study showed that acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is an effective intervention in managing marital conflicts from the perspective of newlywed couples. The mechanism of this effectiveness can be summarized in several axes: first, increasing psychological flexibility through acceptance and disengagement allowed couples to break out of the vicious cycle of “emotional reaction-conflict escalation” (Peterson et al, 2009). Second, clarifying and committing to shared values reduced conflicts from the level of personal disputes to an opportunity to move towards larger goals. Third, changing the attitude towards conflict from a destructive phenomenon to a natural and manageable situation increased resilience. These findings are consistent with previous quantitative studies that have shown a reduction in marital conflict (Naderi Moghaddam et al., 2023), increased intimacy (Khanjani-Vashki et al., 2016), and improved satisfaction (Zanganeh et al., 2017) after ACT. However, by exploring lived experience, these studies demonstrate the depth of these changes: ACT is not just a set of techniques, but a process of transformation in cognition, emotion, and action that helps couples build a more meaningful and resilient relationship. Despite the reported effectiveness, challenges such as initial difficulty in accepting negative emotions and the need for patience to stabilize changes were also raised, which highlights the need for a detailed explanation of the treatment process, setting realistic expectations, and ongoing support from the therapist. This study showed that ACT therapy is effective for managing disagreements in novice couples. Therefore, it is suggested that this approach be included in premarital education and initial counseling programs to prevent more serious problems from occurring.   Resources Abdollahi Asghar, ahadi Hassan, Tajeri Biuook, HajiAlizadeh Kobra. (2021) Developing a conceptual model of the factors forming divorce in the first five years of life: a grounded theory study. Journal of Psychological Science. 20(97), 1-12. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.17357462.1400.20.97.10.7 Zanganeh Motlaq Firoozeh , Bani Jamali Shokoh Sadat , Ahadi Hassan, Hatami Hamidreza, (2017) The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based and emotion-focused couple therapy on improving couples' marital adjustment and commitment, Quarterly Cultural-Educational Journal of Women and Family, 11(38), 49-70. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.26454955.1396.11.38.3.4 Ito, Masahiro, & Muto, Takashi. (2020) Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy for irritable bowel syndrome non-patients: A pilot randomized waiting list controlled trial. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 15, 85-91. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.11.009">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.11.009</a> Khosravi, Farajullah, Mirzamani Bafghi, Seyed Mahmood, & Jaafari Roshan, Marjan Roshan. (2025) Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Conflict Resolution Strategies in Conflicting Couples. Iranian Evolutionary Educational Psychology Journal, 7(1), 189-200.  <a href="https://doi.org/10.22034/7.1.189">https://doi.org/10.22034/7.1.189</a> Khanjani Veshki, S., Farzad, V., & Fatehizade, M. (2016). A comparison of the effectiveness of cognitive–behavioral couple therapy and acceptance and commitment couple therapy in the couple’s conflict in the city of Isfahan. Jundishapur Journal of Health Sciences, 9(3), 13-19. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.17352029.1395.14.4.7.5 Lavner, Justin A, Karney, Benjamin R, & Bradbury, Thomas N. (2014) Relationship problems over the early years of marriage: stability or change?. Journal of family psychology: JFP: journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43), 28(6), 979–985. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037752">https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037752</a> Naderi Moghaddam, Nahide., Panah Ali, Ali, Aghdasi, Ali Naghi , & Hejazi, Masoud. (2023) The Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Marital Conflict and Emotional Divorce of Women Facing Divorce. Women’s Health Bulletin, 10(2), 122-132. <a href="https://doi.org/10.30476/whb.2023.97237.1204">https://doi.org/10.30476/whb.2023.97237.1204</a>. Pour seyyed Aghaei Zahra Sadat, Mahmudi Zahra, zibaei Nejad Masoumeh. The effect of group couple therapy based on the acceptance and commitment approach on marital conflicts and emotional divorce of couples. Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry 2024; 11 (3) :54-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/shenakht.11.3.54.   <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a>Assistant Professor of Counseling, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran. <a href="mailto:ghasemi.r@lu.ac.ir">ghasemi.r@lu.ac.ir</a> <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2627-462X">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2627-462X</a> <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">**</a> Corresponding Author: M.A. in Family Counseling, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. <a href="mailto:m.janalipourch@gmail.com">m.janalipourch@gmail.com</a> <a href="https://orcid.org/">https://orcid.org/</a>0000-0003-3377-8727 <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">***</a> M.A. in Rehabilitation Counseling, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran. <a href="mailto:a.m.tavakhosh@gmail.com">a.m.tavakhosh@gmail.com</a> https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9573-9958 <a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4">****</a> M.A. in Psychology and Education of Exceptional Children, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. <a href="mailto:maryam4deldar@gmail.com">maryam4deldar@gmail.com</a> https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0883-2931اختلاف در رابطۀ زناشویی، طبیعی است، ولی نیازمند مدیریت و حل سازنده به&zwnj;ویژه در زوج&zwnj;های تازه ازدواج &zwnj;کرده است. هدف پژوهش حاضر، موردپژوهی اثربخشی درمان اختلافات زناشویی از دیدگاه زوج&zwnj;های تازه ازدواج کرده بود. جامعه مورد مطالعه شامل تمامی زوجین تازه ازدواج &zwnj;کرده مراجعه&zwnj;کننده به مراکز مشاوره شهر رشت -که ACT را دریافت کردند- بود. با توجه &zwnj;به فراخوانی پژوهشگران در مراکز مشاوره شهر رشت، تعداد 30 نفر (15 زوج) اعلام کردند که حاضر به شرکت در پژوهش هستند. با توجه&zwnj; به اشباح نظری با 12 نفر (6 زوج) از شرکت&zwnj;کنندگان مصاحبه شد. در این پژوهش، پژوهشگران از مصاحبه نیمه&zwnj;ساختاریافته استفاده کردند. مصاحبه&zwnj;ها به روش هفت&zwnj;مرحله&zwnj;ای کلایزی و به کمک نرم&zwnj;افزار MAXQDA تحلیل شد. مضامین اصلی پژوهش شامل تغییر در تفکر و احساس، کاهش اختلاف، چالش&zwnj;ها و موانع در درمان، تأثیر بر ارزش&zwnj;ها و اهداف مشترک و توجه به احساسات و تأثیرات طولانی&zwnj;مدت درمان بود. بر اساس یافته&zwnj;ها، ACT در حل اختلافات زوج&zwnj;ها مؤثر بود، تلویحات مهمی برای مشاوران خانواده دارد تا با استفاده از ACT موجب غنی&zwnj;سازی زندگی زناشویی زوج&zwnj;ها، تحکیم خانواده و به &zwnj;تبع آن، پیشگیری از بی&zwnj;ثباتی در ازدواج شوند.

http://risi.ihss.ac.ir/en/Article/Download/51224

مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش انحرافات و مسائل اجتماعی3060-821X516202621Pathology of Teachers' Social Capital in the Education Systemآسیب‌شناسی سرمایه اجتماعی معلمان در نظام آموزش و پرورش153183faلیلاجعفری دانشجوی دکتری رشته جامعه‌شناسی گرایش اقتصاد و توسعه، دانشکده ادبیات، علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایرانhttps://orcid.org/0009-0002-0863-5433 حسن غنیمتی استادیار گروه علوم اجتماعی- جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، واحد تهران غرب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4167-5648لیلا نصرالهی وسطیاستادیار گروه علوم اجتماعی- جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات، علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایرانhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7586-166320251012Pathology of Teachers' Social Capital in the Education System   Leila Jafari<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a>  Hasan Ghanimati<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a>  Leila Nasrolahi<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">***</a>   The present study aimed to understand the reproduction of social capital among teachers in the education system. The method of this study was qualitative and grounded theory. The study universe of this study was 35 teachers in Tehran who were selected purposefully and theoretically, observing the theoretical saturation criterion. Also, data collection method in the present study was in-depth interviews, and MAXQDA software was used to analyze the data. Accordingly, in the present study, 37 subcategories and 10 main categories were extracted from the interview texts. The research findings showed that causal conditions (participation and trust, and actions of officials) have caused the reproduction of teachers' social capital, and strategies such as knowledge management and improvement of welfare services are affected by contextual conditions (job problems and issues, and internal conflicts) and intervening conditions (structural support and social support). The outcomes of the aforementioned strategies have also included: increasing and promoting social capital and improving the quality of teaching. Finally, the results of the present study showed that creating a platform for criticism, establishing organizational justice, and eliminating feelings of discrimination or inequality led to the elimination of discouragement and strengthening empathy among teachers. This approach not only strengthens the spirit of teamwork, but also prevents the gradual erosion of the school's social capital.   Keywords: Education, social capital, teachers, school, Tehran City.   Introduction The school, as a fundamental pillar of formal education, strives to achieve the goals of education. Teachers are considered key elements of this organization and play a fundamental role in this goal. As one of the pillars of education, the teacher has a fundamental role in the quality of education and, consequently, learning. The success or failure of educational programs and activities of every system and every country depends on teachers. In the education organization, which aims to educate the future generation and also acts in a way to provide a trained workforce, there are several influential and role-playing elements and factors, among which the role of the teacher is the most important. The helm of tomorrow's generation is actually in the hands of teachers who are working in the country's schools. The productivity and efficiency of these forces are due to various factors. One of the most important factors affecting teachers is social capital. In the past, the main factor of underdevelopment of countries was mainly considered to be the lack of financial and physical capital, but today it has become clear that the injection of only physical and financial capital does not accelerate the growth and development process in countries. Rather, countries that have efficient organizations and institutions, as well as efficient and specialized human capital, can absorb their physical and financial capital in a more appropriate way and use it to accelerate the growth and development process (Jalilvand, 2009). The present study aims to discover pathology of teacher’s social capital and identify model for reproducing social capital in the workplace of teachers in Tehran using the data-based theory method and seeks to answer the fundamental question of how to reproduce social capital among teachers and stop its decline?   Method In grounded theory, the researcher does not start with a theory that he already has in mind, but rather begins his work in the field of reality and allows the theory to emerge from the data he collects (Noghani Dokht Bahmani et al., 2019: 40). In the present method, in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding, concepts and categories were extracted from the interviews and presented in the form of a paradigmatic model of grounded theory. In the present study, after removing parts unrelated to the research topic, the texts related to the interviews were broken down into sentences in the open coding stage and initial raw codes were produced. In such a way that one or more codes were assigned to each sentence in a way that covered the meaning of the sentence in question. Then, secondary codes were produced from the primary codes in such a way that the primary codes that were similar to each other were grouped under the title of a single unit. Then, secondary codes that were related to each other were also transformed into conceptual codes. After several related concepts of categories were placed and the relationships between categories were established, the main categories were formed. In the next step, which is related to axial coding, the phenomenon of "reproduction of teachers' social capital" was determined as the axial phenomenon. Finally, in the selective coding stage, by selecting the selected categories and specifying their relationships, a process-like model was drawn. The study population of the present study was teachers working in the education system of Tehran, who were selected using the non-probability purposive sampling method. The process of sample selection and data analysis continued until we reached theoretical saturation, meaning that no new data was obtained from the analysis of the interviews. In general, 45 interviews were conducted, and we witnessed repetitive data from interview 35 onwards. The data collection method in the present study was an unstructured in-depth interview. In order to determine the validity of the research, the member validity method was used; In this way, the final results of the research were returned to the study samples and, after confirmation, it was concluded that the research had the desired validity.   Findings Causal conditions are usually those events and incidents that affect a phenomenon or lead to the occurrence or development of a phenomenon. Among the most important causal conditions are job competence and the actions of officials. Contextual conditions are a specific set of conditions that come together at a time and place to create a set of circumstances or issues that individuals respond to their actions/interactions. Among the cases that fall under contextual conditions; the job status of teachers with four subcategories of job insecurity and internal conflicts, intervening conditions are general and broad conditions that mitigate or change causal conditions in some way. That is, they make the effect of one or more factors more active, slower, or more intense. Intervening conditions mostly arise from unexpected and accidental circumstances that need to be responded to with actions and interactions. The most important intervening conditions are: norms with two categories of cooperation and social support. Certainly, with the occurrence of any phenomenon in society, strategies and measures are used to manage, and respond to it. Strategic actions/interactions are purposeful and meaningful actions that are taken to solve a problem that arises in everyday life. The most important strategies are: knowledge management and improving welfare services. Wherever an action/interaction is taken or not taken in response to a matter or problem or to manage or maintain a situation by individual, conflict arises. Some of these consequences are desired and some are unwanted. The results of actions and interactions are what has happened or will happen because of the interactions that individuals and groups have under certain conditions. The aforementioned consequences can be desired or unwanted. Improving education performance through improving the quality of teachers' teaching and increasing teachers' job satisfaction are among the consequences of reproducing teachers' social capital.   Discussion Teaching social ethics and promoting values such as humility, empathy, and healthy competition are also effective factors in creating a positive organizational culture. Teachers, as role models, need an environment in which honesty in speech and action is appreciated. This requires long-term cultural and educational planning that can help strengthen trust and social interactions in educational environments. Financial pressures and livelihood concerns reduce teachers' energy for social participation. Improving the economic situation of teachers through a fair payment system, supplementary insurance, and welfare support is a necessary prerequisite for their social obligations. This helps teachers to engage in their educational and social activities more calmly, and as a result, social capital is strengthened among them. Training programs should focus on communication skills, teamwork, and conflict management. Creating networks for exchanging experience between experienced and novice teachers both improves educational quality and strengthens social bonds. Joint problem-solving workshops are a good example of this approach, which can help increase positive interactions and trust between teachers. Existing barriers such as overwork, poor evaluations and job insecurity should be identified and corrected. Reforming administrative structures, reducing unnecessary workloads and creating a work-life balance provide the necessary space for constructive interactions. These measures can help create a positive and productive learning environment in which teachers can easily collaborate with each other. The potential of cyberspace for teachers to build professional networks is often overlooked. The development of dedicated platforms for the exchange of teaching experiences and the intelligent use of social media can facilitate interactions, provided that they are accompanied by digital literacy training. This not only helps to strengthen social capital, but also allows teachers to benefit from each other’s experiences. Discrimination between teachers from different schools and inequity in the distribution of facilities undermines trust in the system. Raising the social status of teachers through public recognition, transparency in decision-making, and keeping promises will strengthen their sense of worth and belonging. 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(2025) “Design and Validation of a Consensus-Based Education Model in the Classroom: The Professional Role of the Teacher in Strengthening Students’ Social Capital in Iranian Schools”, Educational Strategies, Year 17, Issue 3, pp. 259-280. <a href="https://civilica.com/doc/2222741/">https://civilica.com/doc/2222741/</a> [In Persian]   <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> PhD student in Sociology, Economics and Development, Faculty of Literature & Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.  <a href="mailto:leilajafari6660@gmail.com">leilajafari6660@gmail.com</a> https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0863-5433 <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">**</a>Corresponding Author: Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, West Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. <a href="mailto:H-ghanimati@sbu.ac.ir">H-ghanimati@sbu.ac.ir</a> https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4167-5648 <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">***</a> Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences-Sociology, Faculty of Literature, Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. <a href="mailto:Leila.nasrolahi@iau.ac.ir">Leila.nasrolahi@iau.ac.ir</a> https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7586-1663پژوهش حاضر با هدف فهم بازتولید سرمایه اجتماعی در میان معلمان آموزش &zwnj;و پرورش صورت گرفته است. روش این پژوهش، کیفی و از نوع نظریۀ زمینه&zwnj;ای بوده است. جامعه مورد مطالعه این پژوهش، 35 نفر از معلمان شهر تهران بوده که به &zwnj;صورت هدفمند و نظری و با رعایت ملاک اشباع نظری انتخاب شدند. همچنین روش گردآوری داده&zwnj;ها در پژوهش حاضر از نوع مصاحبه عمیق بوده، برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده&zwnj;ها از نرم&zwnj;افزار MAXQDA استفاده شده است. بر این اساس در پژوهش حاضر، 37 مقوله فرعی و 10 مقوله اصلی از متن مصاحبه&zwnj;ها استخراج شد. یافته&zwnj;های پژوهش نشان داد که شرایط علّی (مشارکت و اعتماد و اقدامات مسئولان) موجب بروز بازتولید سرمایه اجتماعی معلمان شده است و راهبردهایی چون مدیریت دانش و بهبود خدمات رفاهی تحت &zwnj;تأثیر شرایط زمینه&zwnj;ای (مشکلات و مسائل شغلی و تعارضات درونی) و شرایط مداخله&zwnj;گر (حمایت ساختار و حمایت اجتماعی) است. پیامدهای حاصل از راهبردهای یادشده نیز عبارت&zwnj; بوده&zwnj;اند از: افزایش و ارتقای سرمایه اجتماعی و بهبود کیفیت تدریس. در نهایت نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد که ایجاد بستر نقدپذیری، برقراری عدالت سازمانی و رفع احساس تبعیض یا نابرابری، موجب از بین رفتن دلسردی و تقویت همدلی میان معلمان می&zwnj;شود. این رویکرد نه&zwnj;تنها روحیه کار جمعی را تقویت می&zwnj;کند، بلکه از فرسایش تدریجی سرمایه اجتماعی مدرسه نیز جلوگیری به عمل می&zwnj;آورد.

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