مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش انحرافات و مسائل اجتماعی3060-821X3920241231Study of Hookah Consumption Among Adolescents in Shirazمطالعه مصرف قلیان در میان نوجوانان شهر شیراز130faروح الهمظفریدانشجوی دکتری جامعهشناسی، دانشگاه یاسوج و کارشناس اداره ارزیابی عملکرد سازمانی در شهرداری شیراز، شیراز، ایران 0000-0002-6998-7953 صدیقه البرزیآموخته دکتری جامعه¬شناسی، دانشگاه شیراز و پژوهشگر گروه علوم رفتاری، جهاد دانشگاهی فارس، شیراز، ایران یاسررستگاردانشیار گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه هرمزگان، بندرعباس0000-0002-0122-735x2024813<p>Smoking is a health hazard and its harmful consequences threaten people's health and lives; cigarette is killing 8 million people every year (WHO, 2019). While in 2007, multiple reports show that the global pattern of tobacco use has changed, smoking has decreased and other forms, especially hookah, have increased (Danaei et al., 2017; 73). This has caused concern of the subject to relevant officials; Because tobacco contains more than 4000 chemical substances, which are often produced during the burning process and are combined with more than 40 carcinogenic substances (Feli O et al., 2020; 185). Evidence also shows that hookah is addictive and can be a gateway to smoking (Maziak et al., 2015; 51). While hookah is considered as dangerous and harmful to the people’s health, it provides a hidden platform for the other social problems and disorders as well as other risky behaviors. Therefore, it is considered a hidden social problem (Afrasiabi and Amirmohammadi, 2017: 2). Some studies have confirmed the relationship between hookah use and high-risk sexual behaviors, drug and alcohol usages (Alborzi, 2018: 36). Many experts in the field of addiction studies, believe that hookah can be a gateway to drugs and other risky behaviors (Kanyaji, 2003, 418). Hookah use had a historical background in Iran. According to the various studies, at the present time, there is increasing trend of hookah consumption. (Kalan and Taleb, 2018: 267). Related research indicates an increase in consumption of hookah among teenagers and young people (Dugas et al., 2013; 1184). While adolescence and youth are vital periods in life and the habits and behaviors that people get used to during this period will most likely continue until adulthood and become their lifestyle. At this stage of life, people’s experience, choices and behaviors are based on their emotions. For this reason, hookah consumption and its consequence in this period of life can be dangerous and harm a person for the rest of his life. Therefore, the present study focused on adolescent’s hookah consumers and tries to ethnographic study of the phenomenon with emphasis to socio- psychological aspects.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Adolescents, Ethnographic Study, Hookah Consumption, Risky Behaviors, Smoking.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Methods</strong></p>
<p>The present research applied the ethnographic among qualitative method to study of hookah consumption among adolescent in Shiraz city. The issue was examined in several stages (theoretical and exploratory studies, entering the field of research and experimental study, data interpretation). In order to achieve the above goals, the researcher talked to the available informants, monitored the sites and virtual social networks, made several references to the relevant guilds in order to build trust, and made preliminary field observations. After the exploratory study, the researcher entered the research field to collect data, formal conversations, visual documents and field notes are very important in this part of the study. Designing interview questions, choosing a place, deciding who, when and where to observe, trying to access the field, establishing communication and trust, choosing a research role, interacting with informants, recording observations and doing demographic interviews were conducted in the field of study. The statistical population includes adolescents aged 12-18 years old in Shiraz and the sample size was 29 people according to the theoretical saturation. Also, purposeful sampling based on maximum diversity. Thematic data analysis was done at two levels. In the first level, it was tried to analyze and examine all types of data, including field notes as well as from official interviews. In the second level, all the data were analyzed together and in general.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Results</strong></p>
<p>The key categories that were extracted from the data analysis are:</p>
<p>Hookah, friendship and harmony with the friendship group: The main actors in the use of hookah both in the beginning and in its continuation are the teenagers themselves along with their friends and peers, who are referred to as "friends".</p>
<p>Supporting actors: Hookah suppliers (hookah renters in public places like parks, coffee shops, gardens, restaurants, and canteens, etc…) are complementary actors who provides consumers with access to hot charcoals and a ready-made fire for consumption of hookah. The providers are responsible for making and facilitating this process and providing the necessities of consumption.</p>
<p>Fruit tobacco hookah is a fundamental proposition: The type of tobacco has a special place among the adolescent hookah users. In the present study, fruit tobacco is a fundamental proposition. In other words, the variety in taste, aroma, and color has strengthened the attractiveness of this type of tobacco, and most of them use only fruit hookahs, and the fruitiness of tobacco is the fundamental part of process.</p>
<p>Hookah; Escaping from problems, Identification and spending leisure time:</p>
<p>Escaping from problems, Identification and spending leisure time are three important and key concepts in this study. Hookah consumption gives instant pleasure to the consumer and makes them forget their problems, and it is also a mediator of fun and satisfactorily fills free time as one of the permitted leisure tools. Hookah is understood as a tool to avoid problems, spend free time and find identity.</p>
<p>Hookah Fun tool: Some of the respondents whom interviewed in this research understate their economic status and consider hookah as a cheap and accessible tool for recreation and leisure time specific to this class base.</p>
<p>Hookah and risky behaviors: In numerous interviews, the association and correlation between hookah use and risky behaviors such as smoking, drugs, alcohol, and sexual relations were observed. In such a way that many of them considered these things necessary and mandatory and did not accept one without the another. In the case of cigarettes, it is rare to find a hookah but no trace of cigarette smoking.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>
<p>The important concepts extracted from the data are: friendship and collective nature of hookah, suppliers as supporting actors, fruit hookah as a fundamental proposition, escape from problems, identification and leisure, hookah as tools. Hookah as a means of entertainment for the lower class, hookah and association with drugs, cigarettes, alcohol and sexual relations. The vital trinity was manifested in hookah consumption hangouts in the present study. Friendship and collective nature of hookah, suppliers as supporting actors and fruit hookah as a fundamental proposition. It is as if one of these pillars is not fulfilled, the table is not spread and the hookah is not used. Because it is rarely occurring for a teenager to smoke hookah alone, to use a personal hookah, and to use traditional tobacco. Here the originality of "group" as a very important and key concept is visible. As mentioned before, hookah consumption has a collective nature, and this issue is especially prominent when it comes to teenagers. The association of hookah with the use of drugs, cigarettes, alcohol and sexual relations is another concept derived from the present research. This finding indicates that not only hookah use considered a risky behavior in itself, but also, it can also provide the basis for the formation of social harms and other risky behaviors; In such a way that many experts in the field of addiction believe that because hookah consumption can be a start to drug use and other risky behaviors, it is one of the important social issues. In addition to empirical evidence and with a review of several theories in the field of social deviations such as differential association or the influence of delinquent subculture, it can be claimed that due to the collective nature of hookah use, this group behavior, by involving the individual in the relevant sub-culture, it provides the basis for social deviations. The subculture theory of delinquency believes that the group of friends is very attractive to teenagers and young people, especially when the emotional atmosphere dominates it, they prefer to spend more time with each other. This causes more attachment and commitment to the group, in parallel with being involved in it, it can weaken the individual's commitment to the values and norms of the larger society, and if delinquent and abnormal patterns affect the group, is dominant, the probability that a person will tend towards these patterns increases (zangene,2004: 98). Differential bonding theory also believes that deviant behavior is learnable and is learned through interaction with others in a process of communication. Especially, the main part of learning such behaviors takes place in intimate groups (Williams, 2013: 98). In the end, considering the importance of leisure time and the role of peers during adolescence, it is suggested that policymakers should pay more attention to creating collective entertainment and leisure programs that match the characteristics of adolescence. Also, considering the role of suppliers as facilitators of hookah consumption among teenagers, it is suggested that an effective policy be made to reduce the supply and rental of hookah.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Reference</strong></p>
<p>Afrasiabi, H; Amirmohammadi, Z. (2018) Qualitative study of hookah consumption among young boys in Jiroft city. Strategic Research of Iran's Social Issues, 7 (1), 65-80. (Persian)</p>
<p>Alborzi, S. (2019) Sociological study of health-based behaviors of young people in Shiraz. PhD Thesis, Department of Sociology, Shiraz University. (Persian)</p>
<p>Danaei, M., Jabbarinejad-Kermani, A., Mohebbi, E., Momeni, M. (2017) Waterpipe tobacco smoking prevalence and associated factors in the southeast of Iran. Addiction & health, 9 (2), 72-80.</p>
<p>Dugas, E., Tremblay, M., Low, N C., Cournoyer, D., & O'Loughlin, J. (2013) Water-pipe smoking among North American youths. Pediatrics, 125 (6),1184-9.</p>
<p>Feliu A, Fu M, Russo M, Martinez C, Sureda X, Lopez MJ, et al. (2020) Exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke in waterpipe cafes in Barcelona, Spain: An assessment of airborne nicotine and PM2.5. Environmental research. 2020;184:109347. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.envres.2020.109347 PMid:32179267.</p>
<p>Kalan ME, Taleb ZB. (2018) Waterpipe tobacco smoking: A reality or hidden iceberg for Iranian women. Health Promotion Perspectives, 8(4): 252-267.</p>
<p>Kanyajit, S. (2003) An Analysis of Causes of Deviant Juvenile Behaviors<br /> during Current Globalization. PhD thesis in Criminology and Criminal Justice, Man idol University, <a href="http://mulinet10.li.mahidol.ac.th/ethesis/4137938.pdf">http://mulinet10.li.mahidol.ac.th/ethesis/4137938.pdf</a>.</p>
<p>Maziak, W., Taleb, Z B., Bahelah, R., Islam, F., Jaber, R., Auf, R., & Salloum, R G. (2015) The global epidemiology of waterpipe smoking. Tobacco control, 24(1), 3-12.</p>
<p>Williams, F,. McShane, P and Marie, L. (2004) Theories of criminology, translated by Hamid Reza Malek Mohammadi. Tehran: Mizan Publishing. (In Persian)</p>
<p>World Health Organization (2019) Tobacco Breaks Hearts: choose health not Tobercco. beat NCDS, Federation, FCTC, WHO.</p>
<p>Zangane, M. (2004) Investigating the factors affecting students' delinquent behavior. Tehran: Allameh Tabatabai Publications. (In Persian)</p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p> </p><p>حاضر نوجوانان از آن استفاده می­کنند. در عین حال قلیان، رفتاری پرخطر است و می­تواند بستر بروز سایر رفتارهای مخاطره­آمیز را فراهم سازد. از این­رو موضوعی اجتماعی است و نیاز به مطالعۀ جدی دارد. پژوهش حاضر به بررسی مردم­نگارانۀ مصرف قلیان در نوجوانان با روش کیفی و انجام مصاحبه­های عمیق، اهداف تحقیق دنبال شده است. نوجوانان 13 تا 18 ساله ساکن شیراز که در پاتوق‌ها و اماکن عمومی شهر قلیان مصرف می‌کنند، جامعه آماری هستند. حجم نمونه با 29 نفر به اشباع رسید. تحلیل یافته­ها نشان داد که مقوله­های کلیدی عبارتند از: دوستی و ماهیت جمعی قلیان، عرضه‌کنندگان به‌ عنوان بازیگر نقش مکمل، قلیان میوه‌ای به ‌عنوان یک پیشنهاد اساسی، فرار از مشکلات، هویت­یابی و اوقات فراغت، زمانی و مکانی قلیان، گونه‌شناسی مصرف‌کنندگان، قلیان به عنوان تفریح در طبقات پایین، شیوع قلیان، زمینه­های مصرف و همراهی با مصرف مواد مخدر، سیگار، مشروبات الکلی و روابط جنسی. به طور کلی می­توان نتیجه گرفت که «اصالت گروهی»، مفهومی کلیدی در مصرف قلیان نوجوانان است و توجه بیشتر محققان و سیاستمداران به این مفهوم کاملاً ضروری است.</p>http://risi.ihss.ac.ir/ar/Article/Download/47661مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش انحرافات و مسائل اجتماعی3060-821X3920241231Qualitative Study on Self-Care Among Youth in Tehranمطالعه خودمراقبتی در بین جوانان شهر تهران3163faمیتراسرابیاندانشجوی دکتری جامعهشناسی گرایش گروههای اجتماعی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران 000549933615 پروین سوادیاناستادیار گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده ادبیات علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران 0000000152276103علیرضاکلدیاستاد بازنشسته گروه جامعهشناسی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران00000002721068622024810<p>Self-care behaviors are crucial for enhancing individual health and preventing diseases among youth. Since young people often face numerous challenges during this developmental stage, identifying self-care behaviors and the factors influencing them is paramount. This study examines barriers and benefits of self-care, peer social pressure, socioeconomic conditions, and expectations from health-related organizations. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), self-care is defined as "the ability of individuals, families, and communities to promote health, prevent disease, maintain health, and cope with illness and disability with or without the support of a healthcare provider" (WHO, 2022). This study highlights risky behaviors, including smoking, alcohol consumption, unhealthy diets, and physical inactivity, as major threats to youth health. The theoretical framework of this research draws on various models and theories. According to the Health Belief Model (HBM), "individuals are more likely to engage in preventive behaviors if they perceive themselves to be at risk, believe the consequences of the disease are severe, and recognize that preventive actions can reduce susceptibility or severity" (Glanz et al., 2015, p. 61). This model underscores the key role of individual health beliefs in decision-making. Additionally, Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) emphasizes that human behavior results from the dynamic interaction of personal, environmental, and behavioral factors, with changes in any of these influencing others (Masoudnia, 2015, p. 283–284). Furthermore, Social Pressure Theory highlights the role of peer influence in adopting risky behaviors such as smoking, often driven by explicit peer group pressures (Masoudnia, 2015, p. 286).</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Self-Care, Peer Pressure, Barriers, Benefits, Youth.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Methods</strong></p>
<p>A qualitative approach using thematic analysis was employed in this study. Data were gathered through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with young individuals aged 18 to 34 residing in all 22 districts of Tehran. Participants were purposefully selected to represent a diverse range of characteristics, including marital status, employment status, and gender. This sample included both employed individuals and students, as well as males and females. Sampling continued until data saturation was achieved, resulting in a total of 11 interviews. To ensure data validity, the interviews were repeatedly reviewed and analyzed. The six-step thematic analysis method developed by Braun and Clarke was used, which involved the extraction of initial codes, categorization, identification of sub-themes, and ultimately, the identification of main themes. Main themes were derived by grouping similar codes, and the reliability of these codes was confirmed through cross-checking by an additional researcher.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Findings</strong></p>
<p>Seven main themes emerged from the data analysis: barriers and benefits of self-care, health-related behaviors, influential factors, peer group social pressure, the impact of the social environment, and expectations from organizations. Influential factors were categorized into internal and external elements. Participants viewed self-care from various perspectives—some limited it to physical activities and healthy eating habits, while others included medical services, check-ups, and problem-solving skills, such as the ability to say "no." Mental and psychological health were also emphasized, with techniques like meditation, stress management, and regulating information consumption highlighted for their direct impact on well-being.</p>
<p>Self-care benefits included economic savings, the maintenance of physical abilities, improved social interactions, and better career and academic opportunities, positioning self-care as an investment in long-term success. Healthcare practices were seen as a dynamic process with long-term outcomes, particularly in later life. Barriers to self-care included economic challenges, lack of time, independent living, long distances to sports facilities, and insufficient income. Financial difficulties, such as the inability to afford medical consultations, often led individuals to neglect health-related behaviors.</p>
<p>Health behaviors were influenced by a combination of peer pressure, economic factors, media exposure, psychological stress, self-efficacy, and concerns about potential future health risks. Fear of neglecting self-care acted as a strong motivator, and the media played a key role in educating and promoting self-care behaviors.</p>
<p>Peer groups significantly impacted youth behavior, both directly (e.g., encouraging participation) and indirectly (e.g., pressure to conform to group norms). Early experiences, such as attending parties or group trips, often began at a young age. However, some avoided opposing peers due to fear of ridicule, which negatively affected self-care behaviors. The social environment also played a crucial role in shaping youth self-care behaviors, as factors like inadequate facilities, insecurity, and low-quality exercise equipment restricted opportunities for self-care. The lack of supportive role models and societal neglect of youth further decreased motivation for self-care.</p>
<p>Finally, participants expressed the expectation that organizations would foster a self-care culture by integrating early health education, creating supportive and healthy environments, and utilizing innovative technologies, such as health-focused applications, to enhance awareness and engagement.</p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>
<p>Self-care is essential for a healthy lifestyle, playing a significant role in disease prevention and overall health improvement. This study explored youth self-care behaviors, identifying barriers, benefits, and influencing factors. Self-care positively impacts both physical and mental health, enhancing self-esteem, reducing healthcare costs, and boosting productivity in later life. However, obstacles such as peer pressure, economic difficulties, and limited access to resources hinder the adoption of self-care. Peer influence, particularly in risky behaviors, and financial challenges, such as an inability to afford medical consultations, are key barriers. Education and awareness are crucial. Modern, engaging educational methods, such as health apps and media programs, can increase awareness and encourage self-care. Additionally, policies aimed at reducing economic and social barriers, such as expanding sports facilities and lowering healthcare costs, can further promote self-care.</p>
<p> This research emphasizes the need for supportive programs to promote self-care from childhood, utilizing creative, age-specific methods. Strengthening public health culture through media can shift societal perspectives on the importance of self-care. Addressing social, economic, and cultural factors through education, economic support, and policymaking is essential for improving youth health and reducing the financial and social burdens of disease.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>References</strong></p>
<p>Glanz, Karen., Rimer, Barbara K., Viswanath, K. (2018). Health behavior and health education (Sedighe Sadat Tavafian, et al. Trans.). Tehran: Aghil. [In Persian]</p>
<p>Masoudnia, Ebrahim. (2015). Medical sociology (2nd ed.). Tehran: University of Tehran. [In Persian]</p>
<p>World Health Organization. WHO guideline on self-care interventions for health and well-being, 2022 revision. 2022. Available from: <a href="https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240052192.%20Accessed%2024%20Mar%202023">https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240052192. Accessed 24 Mar 2023</a>.</p>
<p> </p><p>خودمراقبتی به عنوان الگوی رفتاری­ای که طی زندگی انجام می­شود، در نگهداری و بهبود سلامتی و کاهش هزینه­های افراد و جامعه در نتیجه پایین آمدن هزینه‌های بستری و توانبخشی، در آینده نقش تعیین­کننده­ای دارد. الگوی زندگی جوانی بر سلامت عمومی جامعه تأثیر می­گذارد و این اثرات در درازمدت<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><sup>[1]</sup></a> باقی می­ماند. پژوهش حاضر با هدف شناخت، خودمراقبتی جوانان را ارزیابی کرده است. مطالعه حاضر با روش کیفی (اکتشافی) انجام شده است. داده­های اولیه پژوهش، مصاحبه باز و نیمه ساختاریافته با مشارکت 11 نفر در بین جوانان 18 تا 34 ساله با نمونه­گیری هدفمند و رسیدن به اشباع نظری انجام شد. مصاحبه­ها، حضوری و تحلیل داده­ها با راهبرد تحلیل مضمون انجام گرفت. یافته­های کیفی شامل مضامینی چون رفتارهای سلامت­محور، فشار اجتماعی گروه همسالان، تأثیر محیط اجتماعی، محدودیت­ها و موانع، فواید خودمراقبتی، عوامل تأثیرگذار و انتظارات از سازمان­ها و نهادهای مرتبط بود. دو دسته عوامل بیرونی و درونی نیز شناسایی شد که شامل موارد مثبت و منفی بود. نتایج تأیید می­کنند که خودمراقبتی، پدیده­ای چندعاملی است و عوامل اقتصادی و اجتماعی، محرک­های اولیه سلامت به شمار می­روند. جوانان به فواید خودمراقبتی، از جمله افزایش اعتماد به نفس و کاهش هزینه‌های درمانی توجه دارند. همچنین موانع اجتماعی و اقتصادی مانند کمبود وقت، فشارهای روانی و محدودیت‌های مالی، تأثیر منفی بر رفتارهای خودمراقبتی آنان دارد. این موانع می‌تواند مانع از اتخاذ تصمیم­های سالم در زندگی روزمره شود و علاوه بر تحت­الشعاع قرار دادن سلامت جسمی افراد، آنان را در معرض انواع آسیب‌های و انحرافات اجتماعی قرار دهد. در عین حال خودکارآمدی و تأثیر همسالان نیز نقش مهمی در ترغیب جوانان به رفتارهای سالم ایفا می‌کند. در مجموع این یافته‌ها، اهمیت شناسایی و تحلیل عوامل مؤثر بر خودمراقبتی جوانان را برجسته می‌کند.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"></a> </p>http://risi.ihss.ac.ir/ar/Article/Download/47615مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش انحرافات و مسائل اجتماعی3060-821X3920241231Examining the Relationship Between Social, Economic, and Cultural Anomie and Suicide Attempts (Case Study: Ilam Province)بررسی رابطۀ آنومی اجتماعی، اقتصادی و فرهنگی با اقدام به خودکشی (مطالعۀ موردی: استان ایلام)6594fa ولی بهرامیاستادیار گروه آموزش علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه فرهنگیانرستممنتیاستادیار گروه جامعهشناسی، مرکز تحقیقات آسیبهای روانی- اجتماعی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام، ایلام، ایران طاهاعشایریاستادیار گروه تاریخ و جامعهشناسی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل202389<p>Suicide has been a social reality and a significant issue in Iran, particularly in Ilam Province over the past three decades (Ghasemi, Havasbeygi, & Rezaei Nasab, 2022). Ilam Province represents a society in transition (from tradition to modernity), characterized by social disorganization, with anomie being one of its empirical manifestations. Anomie, or a state of normlessness, refers to a condition where traditional norms are weakened without being replaced by new ones (Durkheim, 2019). This loss of a sense of direction and increasing societal concerns heighten the tendency to commit suicide. In the transitional society of Ilam, the traditional social order has undergone fundamental changes in recent years, leading to a significant weakening of traditional norms. A review of regional data shows that the five-year average suicide rate (2016–2020) in Kermanshah Province (11.8 per 100,000 people) and Ilam Province (11.5 per 100,000 people) is among the highest in the country (Ayasseh, Ahmadi, Ghaffari Nasab, & Khosravi, 2021; Menati, Niazi, Toosang, & Kassani, 2020). According to a study conducted in 2017, the standardized incidence of suicide in Ilam Province is 20.8 per 100,000 people, which is considered very high. Since 1977, the expansion of semi-industrial developments has disrupted and transformed the livelihood and technological dimensions, consequently affecting the cultural and social structures in Ilam Province. These changes have accelerated issues such as unemployment, poverty, increased competition for jobs, uncertainty about the future, distrust, and confusion. Simultaneously, social and cultural events -both positive and negative- have emerged, suggesting that the rise in suicides in recent years in Ilam Province is attributable to the anomic conditions of society. Accordingly, the primary purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between anomie (social, cultural, and economic) and suicide attempts.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Social anomie, Economic anomie, Cultural anomie, Suicide attempts, Ilam.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Research Method</strong></p>
<p>This study employs a quantitative survey method, utilizing a researcher-made and standardized composite questionnaire for data collection. The statistical population comprises male and female citizens aged 15 years and older in Ilam Province in 2021. The sample size, determined using the Cochran formula, was 515 individuals, and the sampling method was multi-stage cluster sampling. Initially, based on the provincial map, counties were divided into two northern and southern strata (stratified sampling). Subsequently, using the cluster sampling method, three counties were randomly selected from the north (Ilam, Ivan, and Malekshahi) and two from the south (Darehshahr and Abdanan). Stratified sampling was then conducted to distinguish urban and rural areas within each county, and individuals were randomly selected from each stratum. The R-SBQ standard questionnaire for suicidal behaviors (suicide attempts), developed by Field, Diego, and Sanders (2001), was used to measure suicidal behavior in the present study. This instrument includes four subcategories: non-suicidal, dangerous suicidal thoughts, individuals with a suicide plan, and those who attempt suicide.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Findings</strong></p>
<p>Descriptive findings show that, out of the total sample, 271 participants (52.9%) were male and 241 (47.1%) were female, with 3 individuals not responding. The age distribution was as follows: 15–25 years (192 or 37.6%), 25–35 years (139 or 27.2%), 35–45 years (91 or 17.8%), 45–55 years (48 or 9.4%), and over 55 years (41 or 8%). Regarding marital status, 255 participants (49.9%) were single, 249 (48.7%) were married, and 7 (1.4%) were widowed or divorced. Regarding educational attainment, 264 participants (51.7%) held university degrees and 12 (2.3%) were illiterate. The average social anomie score was 24.38, with a standard deviation of 4.97, ranging from 14 to 36. The average economic anomie score was 14.12, with a standard deviation 5.07, ranging from 5 to 25. The average cultural anomie score was 11.01, with a standard deviation of 4.63, ranging from 6 to 26. The average suicide attempt score was 70.42, with a standard deviation of 23.24, ranging from 31 to 155. Inferential findings reveal significant relationships between social anomie and suicide attempts (Pearson correlation: 0.400, p=0.001), cultural anomie and suicide attempts (Pearson correlation: 0.320, p=0.000), and economic anomie and suicide attempts (Pearson correlation: 0.290, p=0.000). Multiple regression results demonstrate that economic anomie (β=0.187), cultural anomie (β=0.112), and social anomie (β=0.102) collectively explain 11.6% of the variance in suicide attempts.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>
<p>The results demonstrate a significant relationship between economic anomie and suicide attempts. Ilam Province, with a population of 580,000, is one of the least populated provinces in the country; however, its unemployment rate is relatively high. Unemployment in Ilam Province, along with an unfavorable business environment, job insecurity, lack of appropriate production conditions, abrupt economic changes, and unstable economic circumstances (such as inflation and unpredictability), has led individuals to withdraw from social institutions. These conditions of economic anomie result in diminished social participation and increased individualism, as collective job networks are unstable and collective participation becomes impossible. In conditions of economic anomie, suicide is not merely a result of economic hardships; rather, the semantic and psychological dimensions contribute to individuals losing their coherence and interaction with the world, thereby reducing their participation and effectiveness over time. A significant relationship between social anomie and suicide attempts was also observed, with social anomie explaining 10.2% of the variance in suicide attempts. Social anomie reflects unfavorable social capital conditions, including declining trust, cohesion, participation, support, and social belonging. The average social capital score in Ilam Province was 2.81 (on a scale of 1 to 5), slightly below average. Declining social capital and increasing distrust have contributed to reduced social support and a rise in suicide attempts. Cultural anomie is also significantly associated with suicide attempts (explanatory coefficient: 0.112). The severity of cultural anomie increases the likelihood of suicide attempts. Cultural anomie in Ilam can be attributed to the tribal nature of the society, where tribal behavior fosters cooperation within one’s group but hostility toward others. This conflict between tradition (tribal behavior) and legal/civil institutions leads to distrust, elite migration, and the inefficiency of institutional systems. The promotion of cultural anomie exacerbates lying, flattery, and individualism while reducing adherence to moral obligations, religion, and ethical conduct. This chaotic cultural state heightens the propensity for suicide as culture fails to guide behaviors, needs, and desires. This study aimed to examine the relationship between anomie (social, economic, and cultural) and suicide attempts in Ilam Province. As in any scientific research, factors such as sampling limitations and reliance on self-reporting tools can affect the validity of findings, and this study is no exception. One of the most significant limitations is the restricted geographic scope of the research, which focused solely on Ilam Province. Therefore, the results of the study may not be fully generalizable to other provinces or populations. Additionally, the study only included individuals aged 15 and older, leaving out specific groups such as adolescents or the elderly, who may have different experiences with social and economic crises. Another limitation of this study is the dependence on self-reporting instruments. In this research, suicidal behaviors were measured using standardized questionnaires, requiring participants to honestly report their experiences and thoughts. This process might be influenced by social taboos and cultural pressures surrounding suicide, leading to distorted reports. Given the sensitivity of the suicide topic, some respondents may not have been able to fully express their feelings and experiences, which could impact the accuracy of the results. Moreover, this study was conducted in 2021, and the impact of recent economic and social crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, on individuals' mental health may influence the findings. Therefore, the results of this study should be considered in the context of its temporal and geographic setting. To extend the findings and improve the accuracy of results in future research, it is recommended that the geographic scope of the study be expanded to include other provinces and cities in Iran. This would help identify differences and similarities in the relationship between anomie and suicide in various communities, providing more accurate data for policymakers and decision-makers. Additionally, future research could focus on specific age groups, such as adolescents, young adults, and the elderly, to better understand how anomie impacts these groups differently. Each of these groups may be differently affected by social, economic, and cultural changes. Another suggestion is to employ a mixed-methods approach (qualitative and quantitative) in future studies. This combination could assist researchers in measuring not only the quantitative indices of anomie and suicide but also the qualitative aspects, such as personal experiences and emotional responses to social and economic pressures. Furthermore, future studies could investigate other factors influencing suicide, such as mental health, social networks, family experiences, and other individual and social variables. This study's findings offer insights that could be valuable for developing policies and operational programs aimed at reducing suicide rates and addressing social anomie. To mitigate the effects of economic anomie, it is recommended that government authorities and related organizations prioritize support programs, such as creating sustainable employment, increasing access to healthcare and psychological services, and providing financial support to families affected by economic crises. These measures could help reduce feelings of purposelessness and social isolation in individuals, thus preventing the exacerbation of economic problems. Furthermore, given the significant relationship between declining social capital and increased suicide attempts, it is recommended that programs be designed to strengthen social trust, cooperation, and participation in social activities. Such programs could enhance social bonds, trust, and mutual support in the community, thereby alleviating the negative effects of social anomie. On the other hand, strengthening cultural identity and promoting moral and social values at the community level can help reduce cultural anomie and, in turn, lower suicide attempts. This could be achieved by raising public awareness and promoting a spirit of cooperation and social solidarity through the media and educational institutions.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Reference</strong></p>
<p>Ayasseh, A., Ahmadi, H., Ghaffari Nasab, I., & Khosravi, R. (2021) Constructing an Underlying Model for the Experience of Reaching Suicide among Suicidal Women in Kermanshah. Gender and Family Studies, 8(2), 111-148.</p>
<p>Durkheim, Emile (2019) Anomie, Key Ideas in Sociology, 22-26.</p>
<p>Field, T., Diego, M., & Sanders, C. E. (2001). Adolescent suicidal ideation. Adolescence, 36(142), 241-241.</p>
<p>Ghasemi, Y., Havasbeygi, F., & Rezaei Nasab, Z. (2022) Semantic reconstruction of suicide from the perspective of women in Ilam province (an eco-friendly narrative). Sociological Review, 28(2), 211-244.</p>
<p>Menati, R., Niazi, M., Toosang, M. A., & Kassani, A. (2020) Assessment of some social factors related to suicidal behaviors in Ilam, Iran, in 2018. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences, 28(1), 89-99.</p>
<p> </p><p>خودکشی، واقعیتی اجتماعی و مسئله مهم ایران و به‌­ویژه استان ایلام در دهۀ اخیر است. استان ایلام، جامعه‌ای در حال گذار (از سنت به مدرنیته)، همراه با بی‌سازمانی اجتماعی است که آنومی چندگانه از شواهد تجربی آن است. هدف این پژوهش، بررسی رابطۀ آنومی اجتماعی، اقتصادی و فرهنگی با اقدام به خودکشی در استان ایلام است. روش پژوهش از نوع کمی- پیمایش و ابزار جمع‌آوری اطلاعات، پرسشنامۀ محقق­ساخته و استاندارد (ترکیبی) است. جامعۀ آماری را شهروندان زن و مرد پانزده سال به بالای استان ایلام در سال ۱۴۰۰ تشکیل داده‌اند. حجم نمونه بر مبنای فرمول کوکران، ۵۱۵ نفر انتخاب شد و روش نمونه‌گیری نیز به صورت نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای تصادفی است. نتایج این پژهش نشان می‌دهد که بین آنومی اجتماعی (400/۰)، آنومی فرهنگی (۳۲۰/0)، آنومی اقتصادی (290/۰) و اقدام به خودکشی، رابطۀ معنا‌داری وجود دارد. همچنین نتایج رگرسیون چندگانه نشان داد که آنومی اقتصادی با بتای 187/۰، آنومی فرهنگی با بتای 112/۰ و آنومی اجتماعی با بتای 102/۰ درصد از تغییرات، اقدام به خودکشی را تبیین کرده است و این سه شاخص در مجموع توانسته است 116/۰ درصد از وضعیت اقدام به خودکشی را پیش‌بینی کند.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>http://risi.ihss.ac.ir/ar/Article/Download/43555مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش انحرافات و مسائل اجتماعی3060-821X3920241231The Shift Toward Celebrities: A Sociological Study of the Change in Cultural Authority Among Youthچرخش به سوی سلبریتیها: بررسی جامعهشناختی تغییر مرجعیت فرهنگی جوانان95127fa مائده خیّریدانشجوی دکتری جامعهشناسی گرایش مسائل اجتماعی، واحد دهاقان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان، ایران زهرا ماهر استادیار گروه جامعهشناسی، دانشگاه اصفهان2024220<p>This study examines the transformation in cultural authority among youth, particularly in the context of social media networks. It investigates how digital advancements, especially the proliferation of social media, have significantly impacted the formation of social and cultural identities. In the past, traditional societal and cultural institutions, such as family, schools, teachers, and religious figures, played a crucial role in transmitting values and norms to young people. These institutions, endowed with substantial social and cultural resources, served as the primary agents in the socialization process, helping youth develop their cultural and social identities (Azad Armaki& Ghafari, 2004). Particularly in traditional societies, these institutions not only transmitted behavioral and ideological patterns but also acted as authoritative references for understanding and interpreting social values (Schwarz, 2004). However, in recent decades, the rise of digital media, especially social media, has led to profound changes in cultural authority. Today, the virtual space, particularly social networks, has become the primary platform for shaping and transforming the cultural and social identities of youth (Entezari & Panahi, 2007). This shift represents a move of cultural authority from traditional institutions to the virtual space, where micro-celebrities and influencers have emerged as the main sources of influence on the behaviors, attitudes, and values of young people (Azarakhsh, 2016). As a result, the socialization process among youth is no longer solely facilitated by traditional institutions like family and schools; social media now serves as a direct and unmediated space for connecting youth with cultural resources (Tajik, 2007). This research aims to investigate the process of this shift in cultural authority from traditional institutions to social media and analyze its implications for youth culture and social behavior. It seeks to explore the various dimensions of these transformations, analyze their causes and consequences, and offer practical suggestions to address the challenges posed by these cultural and social changes. Given the significance of these shifts in the socialization of future generations, the findings of this research could serve as a valuable foundation for policymakers, researchers, and educational institutions to understand and respond to the challenges in the realm of culture and media (Klashlou& Aqili, 2019).</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Cultural authority, social and cultural changes, social media, youth, lifestyle.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Methods</strong><br /> This research adopts a qualitative approach with a grounded theory methodology for data analysis. The study's population consists of 20 young individuals who are active on social media, selected based on diverse social and cultural characteristics. The selection was made to ensure a variety of perspectives and experiences regarding the influence of social media and micro-celebrities. Semi-structured interviews were conducted for data collection. This method allows the researchers to address specific questions while also benefiting from the personal perspectives and experiences of the participants. The interviews primarily focused on the cultural and social impacts of social media and the interaction of individuals with online celebrities. The data were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding techniques, ultimately yielding 16 main categories. These categories included the influence of social media on lifestyle choices, identity crises among youth, generational gaps caused by social media, and the impact of micro-celebrities on the attitudes and behaviors of young people.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Findings</strong><br /> The findings of the study indicate that one of the primary factors contributing to the shift in cultural authority among youth is the rise of micro-celebrities on social media. These micro-celebrities not only produce engaging and diverse content but also establish direct and unmediated connections with their audiences (Zolfaghari, 2013). In the past, traditional media and institutions like television and schools served as cultural authorities in transmitting norms and values. However, today, these micro-celebrities have assumed this role. Social media platforms such as Instagram, YouTube, and TikTok have emerged as new venues for establishing cultural and social authority (Hazarjiriabi& Agha Beigi Kalki, 2011). Micro-celebrities have been able to present their idealized and attractive lives as models for youth, leading to significant changes in their attitudes, behaviors, and lifestyles. Furthermore, the findings show that social media has a substantial impact on the identity formation of youth. Many young people now turn to social media and micro-celebrities as their primary sources of cultural and social guidance, rather than relying on traditional institutions. This shift has led to an increase in identity crises, as many youths struggle to align themselves with the idealized norms set by celebrities. Additionally, these transformations have contributed to a growing generational gap, particularly in developing countries, where traditional cultural values are still strong, yet the younger generation is increasingly influenced by digital cultural patterns promoted by micro-celebrities. This generational divide has led to weakened intergenerational communication and the emergence of social and cultural crises (Ritzer, 2015).</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Discussion and Conclusion</strong></p>
<p>The discussion of the shifts in cultural authority among youth in the digital age requires a profound and multifaceted examination. With the growing prevalence and influence of social media platforms, cultural authority among youth has shifted from traditional institutions to micro-celebrities and influencers. This transition has diminished the role of institutions like family, teachers, and even traditional media in shaping youth’s cultural identities. As a result, young people are increasingly influenced by messages and values propagated by online personalities, leading to profound transformations in the identity, behavior, and attitudes of the new generation (Sherman & Cohen, 2006).One of the fundamental reasons for this shift in cultural authority is the emergence of influencers and online celebrities who, through the creation of diverse and engaging content, have established more direct and personal connections with their followers. This form of communication, in contrast to traditional media that presents information unilaterally, allows influencers to interact directly with youth. This interaction, particularly in media that focus on visual content and everyday life, has become a catalyst for changes in behavior and even identity among young people (Asch, 1951).On the other hand, these changes in cultural authority present certain threats. As the influence of social media increases, youth are increasingly exposed to unrealistic standards and digital ideals. These standards, often promoted by micro-celebrities, have led to identity crises among many young people. By comparing themselves to the digital lives and materialistic and physical ideals portrayed online, they experience feelings of inadequacy and anxiety. Many young people, pressured to conform to these digital norms, develop psychological issues such as depression and anxiety. These identity crises also undermine their self-confidence and self-esteem, negatively affecting their social, professional, and academic relationships (Bronfenbrenner, 1979).At a societal level, these changes in cultural authority have resulted in generational gaps. The younger generation, heavily influenced by social media and micro-celebrities, is gradually distancing itself from the values and norms of previous generations. This generational divide is particularly evident in developing societies, where traditional cultural influences still hold strong, yet the younger generation increasingly gravitates towards digital cultural patterns promoted by micro-celebrities. These transformations, in addition to weakening intergenerational relationships, may contribute to a decline in trust toward traditional institutions such as family and schools (Moeidfar, 2008). Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the shift in cultural authority among youth from traditional institutions to social media and influencers has created both opportunities for individual identity development and the expansion of social awareness, as well as serious challenges. In response to these challenges, there is a need for society, particularly cultural policymakers, to develop comprehensive programs to address the cultural and social impacts of these changes. One of the key actions that must be considered is the enhancement of media literacy. In the digital age, media literacy is an essential skill for youth. Educating young people on how to use social media responsibly and how to identify credible information and reliable sources should be integrated into educational programs (Sadeghi Sarvestani& Hashemi, 2002). Raising awareness about the dangers of engaging with micro-celebrities and idealized digital lifestyles can help youth protect their identities from media pressures. It is also crucial to teach them how to manage identity crises and distinguish between reality and fiction in the virtual space. Furthermore, strengthening national cultural identity among youth should be considered a vital strategy to address the challenges of the digital age. Domestic media and educational institutions should produce educational content and entertainment based on local values and traditions to help youth connect with their cultural heritage and protect them from the negative influences of foreign media and cultures. This approach could help create a balance between embracing global cultures and preserving local cultural identities (Zokaie, 2007).</p>
<p>In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the changes in cultural authority among youth are a complex process that brings both opportunities and threats. On one hand, social media can offer a platform for self-expression, the creation of new identities, and the expansion of social awareness. On the other hand, these spaces can also lead to identity crises, social fragmentation, and the promotion of superficial and consumerist cultures. To address these challenges and take advantage of the opportunities of these cultural shifts, comprehensive and practical solutions tailored to the needs of youth should be designed and implemented.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>References</strong></p>
<p>Asch, S. E. (1951) Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgments. In H. Guetzkow (Ed.), <em>Groups, leadership, and men</em> (pp. 177-190). Carnegie Press.</p>
<p>Azad Armaki, T., & Ghafari, G. (2004) <em>Generational sociology in Iran</em>. Institute for Humanities and Social Sciences Research, Jihad University.</p>
<p>Azarakhsh, A. (2016) Analysis of the role of lifestyles in the type of reference groups of students. <em>Scientific Studies Journal</em>, 17, 7-10.</p>
<p>Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979) <em>The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design</em>. Harvard University Press.</p>
<p>Entezari, A., & Panahi, M. H. (2007) The relationship between perceived structural openness and inclination toward non-native reference groups. <em>Quarterly Journal of Social Sciences</em>, Allameh Tabatabai University, 37-38.</p>
<p>Hazarjiriabi, J., & Agha Beigi Kalki, M. (2011) Factors affecting the selection of reference groups among students. <em>Quarterly Journal of Social Sciences</em>, 19, 5-7.</p>
<p>Klashlou, H., & Aqili, F. (2019) Attitudinal changes of youth toward reference groups. <em>Strategic Studies of Sports and Youth</em>, 45, 6-9.</p>
<p>Moeidfar, S. (2008) The issue of youth independence and its impact on their political attitudes. <em>Collection of Articles and Discussions on the Present and Future of Iranian Youth</em>. Institute for Research and Human Development Publishing.</p>
<p>Ritzer, G. (2015) <em>Sociological theory in contemporary times</em> (trans. Mohsen Salasi). Tehran: Scientific Publishing.</p>
<p>Sadeghi Sarvestani, R., & Hashemi, S. Z. (2002) Reference groups in sociology and social psychology with emphasis on Merton and Festinger's theories. <em>Journal of Social Sciences</em>, 149-167.</p>
<p>Schwarz, B. (2004) <em>Foundations of youth sociology</em> (trans. Karamatullah Rasekh). Tehran: Ney Publishing.</p>
<p>Sherman, D. K., & Cohen, G. L. (2006) The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory. <em>Advances in Experimental Social Psychology</em>, 38, 183-242.</p>
<p>Tajik, M. (2007) Iranian society and the generation gap. <em>Quarterly Journal of Strategy</em>, Center for Strategic Research, Issue 6, 4-10.</p>
<p>Zokaie, M. S. (2007) <em>Culture of youth studies</em>. Tehran: Agah Publishing.</p>
<p>Zolfaghari, A. (2013) Study of reference groups among young women in Ilam City. <em>Applied Sociology</em>, 3, 7</p>
<p> </p><p>تحقیق حاضر بر این فرض استوار است که مرجعیت فرهنگی به واسطه خرده‌سلبریتی‌های مجازی و رشد رسانه‌های اجتماعی در میـان جوانـان در حـال تغییـر اسـت و مراجع فرهنگی سنتی مانند گذشته، مرجع جامعه‌پذیري نیستند و جوانان براي الگوپذیری و سبک جدید و دل<span style="text-decoration: line-through;">­</span>خواه خـود گاه از گروه‌هايی متغایر با ارزش و هنجارهای جامعه تأثیر می‌پذیرند. از توضیحات یادشده، این سؤال‌ محـوري اسـتنتاج می‌شـود که چرا جوانان، گرایش به مراجع فرهنگی متمایز با مراجع فرهنگی پیشینیان دارند. پژوهش حاضر از نوع پژوهش‌های کیفی است. گردآوری اطلاعات با ابزار مصاحبه عمیق انجام شد که اشباع نظری یافته‌ها در شانزدهمین مصاحبه حاصل شد. تحلیل داده‌ها نیز از روش گراندد تئوری و با استفاده از کدگذاری باز، محوری و گزینشی صورت گرفت. میدان تحقیق در این پژوهش، جوانان فعال در شبکه‌های اجتماعی بودند. مشارکت‌کنندگان به صورت روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند. برای رعایت ویژگی‌های کیفی پژوهش از سه معیار قابل قبول بودن، تأییدپذیری و قابلیت اطمینان استفاده شد. یافته‌های به­دست­آمده در شانزده مقولۀ عمده شامل دسترسی آسان، تنوع محتوا، تأثیرگذاری‌های اجتماعی، ارتباط مستقیم، تأثیرگذاری‌های همسالان، تفریح و سرگرمی، تحول در رسانه‌ها، ارزش‌های مصنوعی، گسترش ارتباطات اجتماعی، افزایش چشمگیر رسانه‌های داخلی و خارجی، ناکارآمدی دولت، همرنگی، شکاف نسلی، ایده­آل‌ها و آرزوها، فرار از واقعیت و جذابیت و شهرت ارائه شده است که مقولۀ اصلی و هسته‌ای (هسته مرکزی) دلایل اصلی تغییر مرجعیت فرهنگی در میان جوانان با تکیه بر شبکه‌های اجتماعی هستند. نظریۀ زمینه‌ای به­دست­آمده در قالب یک مدل پارادایمی شامل سه بعد تعاملات، فرایندها و پیامدها ارائه شده است. نتایج پژوهش هم نشان می‌دهد که تغییر مرجعیت فرهنگی اگر تغییری مثبت و با عقلانیت باشد، باعث پیشرفت جوان و جامعه می‌شود؛ اما اگر این تغییر، منفی و به خاطر ستیز و مخالفت با نگرش‌ها و ارزش‌های حاکم بر جامعه باشد، هویت فرد خدشه‌دار و جامعه به سمت ابتذال و استحاله فرهنگی پرتاب می‌شود و این یکی از مسائل مهم اجتماعی است.</p>
<p> </p>http://risi.ihss.ac.ir/ar/Article/Download/45890مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش انحرافات و مسائل اجتماعی3060-821X3920241231Explaining the Relationship Between the Sense of Security and Abnormality: A Case Study of Khorramshahr Citizensتبیین رابطه بین احساس امنیت و ناهنجاری (مورد مطالعه شهروندان خرمشهر)129159fa ابراهیممیرزاییاستادیار گروه جامعهشناسی، دانشگاه پیام نورابوذر قاسمی نژاداستادیار گروه مددکاری اجتماعی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7894-297Xجواد جهانگیرزادهاستادیار گروه جامعهشناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران2024828<p>The precedence of collective interests over individual interests, along with the establishment of interactions, relationships, and a regulatory framework overseeing cooperation and conflicts within society, is an essential requirement for achieving public order, security, and justice. These objectives are primarily realized through collective phenomena such as official norms, which are enforced through executive guarantees and obligations. Social norms govern individual behaviors, interpersonal interactions, and intergroup relations across all levels of society, thereby determining the rights and duties of individuals in carrying out various tasks and establishing the equitable distribution of responsibilities and privileges. When the elements of social order and the actors within society fail to adhere to legal directives, the stability of the social system and the harmony between its components are compromised, leading to disorder and disarray. In such cases, a disconnect between individuals and the societal norms and values that underpin social order occurs, resulting in deviant behaviors and lawlessness (Kalantari et al., 2005). The consequence of neglecting societal order and norms is the trivialization of crime, its subsequent spread, and the negative impact on both welfare and social development. Addressing norm-avoidance, law-avoidance, and crime seriously can reflect a high level of social cohesion, reduce the need for social surveillance, and consequently lower the crime rate within society. Khorramshahr, a city in Khuzestan province, has been directly affected by an imposed war lasting for eight years. Situated along the border with Iraq, it shares complex economic and social relations, as well as ethnic and linguistic diversity. The city has undergone significant transformations due to the forces of modernity, which have triggered profound changes in various societal sectors. The manifestation and repercussions of these shifts are closely linked to the rise of social harm, lawlessness, and a diminished sense of security (Bakharaei, 2021; Bayat, 2019). In light of these complex dynamics, this study explores the current state of abnormality in Khorramshahr, focusing on lawlessness and its contributing factors. Key questions addressed in the research include: what is the current state of abnormality, with an emphasis on lawlessness, in Khorramshahr, and what underlying factors contribute to it? How does the feeling of security influence abnormal behavior within the population of Khorramshahr? Lastly, what strategies can be implemented to address these issues and improve the situation, leading to a more secure and orderly society?</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Abnormality, Khorramshahr, Sense of security, Social trust.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Methods</strong><br /> This study is a descriptive-explanatory research study employing a primarily quantitative survey method to collect data from a real-world setting. Given that the study is a survey, it was designed to explore and analyze the relationship between the research variables and abnormality among citizens over the age of eighteen residing in Khoramshahr city. The sample size was calculated with a confidence level of 96% and a margin of error of 4%, through proportional sampling. A total of 380 individuals were selected for the sample. To ensure the questionnaire was appropriately adapted to the specific environmental context, a random distribution was done among 60 individuals from the target population. Cronbach’s alpha was used to assess the reliability, with all variables exceeding 70%.</p>
<p><strong>Findings</strong><br /> Regarding the main variable of the study, the feeling of security, the respondents reported a low average score of 2.4, with an overall score of 60.6, indicating a low sense of security. As for the feeling of justice and social trust, respondents reported average scores. In contrast, the feeling of anomie was rated as high. Concerning the dependent variable, the results indicate that the abnormality rate was high, with a score of 2.3. Among the independent variables in the model, the sense of security (-0.528) had the largest contribution in explaining abnormality, confirming the central hypothesis of the research. The coefficient of determination (R²) associated with abnormality was found to be 0.20, suggesting that the variables included in the model accounted for 20% of the variance in the dependent variable. The F2 effect coefficients for the variables of sense of security, sense of anomie, sense of justice, and social trust about abnormality were 0.214, 0.189, 0.091, and 0.194, respectively. Except for the sense of justice, which had a weak effect, the contributions of the remaining independent variables were considered favorable according to the desired criteria. By examining the coefficients derived from the relationships between the independent and dependent variables, it was found that abnormality was significantly related to the feeling of security, confirming the main hypothesis of the research. Additionally, the variables of feeling of anomie and social trust were also found to be related to abnormality, confirming their respective hypotheses.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Discussion and Conclusion</strong></p>
<p>Social order is fundamental to the smooth operation and progress of any society. It not only serves as the goal that societies work towards but also as how they strive to achieve collective prosperity and well-being. The mechanisms that enforce social order ensure the regulation of individual and collective behaviors, creating a stable environment where societal development can flourish. A central determinant in the preservation of social order is the sense of security felt by individuals. The sense of security is crucial because it provides individuals with peace of mind and assures them that their well-being is protected. This stability extends to the broader social environment, ensuring that the societal system functions cohesively. When this sense of security is compromised, it leads to a breakdown in social order and an increase in behaviors that deviate from established norms.</p>
<p>The findings of this study are significant in that they suggest that demographic factors, such as gender and marital status, do not have a substantial impact on abnormal behaviors. This implies that these personal characteristics are not directly correlated with deviations from social expectations. Instead, the study highlights a more profound relationship between variables such as the sense of security, social justice, social anomie, and social trust, with abnormal behaviors. This relationship underscores the importance of ensuring a sense of security as a foundation for social stability, as individuals who feel secure are less likely to engage in deviant behaviors. Moreover, the study's results align with previous research conducted by Rajabi Farjad & Shayegan (2019) and Nouri et al. (2019), which reinforces the idea that a secure society is a less deviant society.</p>
<p>Despite the significance of these findings, the presence of abnormal behaviors and the disruption of social order indicate deeper systemic issues, including the collapse of normative systems and the rise of social anomie. This disintegration results in individuals acting based on self-interest rather than collective welfare, leading to social fragmentation. When social roles are performed irregularly, and rights and duties are not delineated, the overall framework of public order is destabilized. Such a state of instability undermines the sense of social cohesion and collective consensus, which are essential for maintaining social order. The implications of these findings are clear. A multi-faceted approach is required to address the complex challenges of restoring social order. First, security institutions, both governmental and non-governmental, must adopt transparent and fair strategies to address anomalies in society. This requires both technological and human-centered solutions to address imbalances and inequalities within the community. Furthermore, equitable distribution of resources should be prioritized, as this would reduce feelings of powerlessness among marginalized groups and increase their engagement in societal processes. By promoting greater inclusion and participation, a sense of collective responsibility and social security can be fostered. Moreover, cultural development programs that educate the public about the importance of legal norms and social justice can contribute to the normalization of these values across society. By fostering an understanding of the universal applicability of these norms, individuals can internalize them and adopt them as personal principles. This would lead to a more cohesive society where adherence to social norms becomes a shared value. The empowerment of civil society institutions is also crucial in bridging the gap between citizens and the state. These institutions can act as mediators between the government and the people, ensuring that laws are seen as tools for promoting societal welfare rather than instruments of political control. Additionally, the role of mass media cannot be overlooked in this process. By educating citizens about societal expectations, legal rights, and social responsibilities, mass media can help create an informed public that is better equipped to engage in lawful behavior and contribute to the maintenance of social order. Through consistent legal education, media outlets can also influence public perceptions of laws and the justice system, promoting a culture of respect for legal norms and reducing the prevalence of deviant behaviors. In conclusion, the study highlights the crucial role of security, justice, and social cohesion in maintaining social order. Addressing these factors comprehensively and simultaneously can lead to long-term stability. By promoting security, justice, and cultural development, societies can navigate the complexities of modern challenges and build a more harmonious, resilient, and just social structure. This, in turn, would enable societies to achieve sustainable progress, where the rights and duties of individuals are respected, and social harmony is preserved for future generations.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>References</strong></p>
<p>Bakharaei, A. (2021) Sociology of social deviations in Iran. Tehran: Sociologists.</p>
<p>Bayat, B. (2019) Sociology of the feeling of security. Tehran: Amir Kabir.</p>
<p>Kalantari, S., Rabbani, R., & Sedaghat, K. (2005) The relation between poverty and illegality: Construction of social pathogens. Refahj, 5(18), 65-90.</p>
<p>Nouri, J., Bukharaei, A., & Sinaei, S. A. (2019) A sociological study of the relationship between social capital and social security feelings. <em>Police Security and Order Journal, 13</em>(3), 203-228.</p>
<p>Rajabi Farjad, H., & Shayegan, F. (2019) Investigating factors affecting the feelings of Ahwazi citizens. Societal Security Studies, 10(58), 47-75.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p>ناهنجاری، وضعیتی است که طی آن، هنجارها به عنوان تنظیم­کننده کنش‌های جمعی و تعیین­کننده تمامی رفتار جامعه، کارکرد خود را از دست می‌دهد. غایت هنجار، حفظ و حراست از حقوق فردی و جلوگیری از تجاوز به دیگران است که در نهایت مودی و موجد نظم پایدار و بسترساز و تسهیل‌کننده امنیت و احساس امنیت در میان کنشگران فردی و جمعی داخل اجتماع است. رابطه میان وجود ناهنجاری و ایجاد حس امنیت، متقابل است و وجود هر کدام مقوم دیگری بوده، تأمین‌کننده نظم اجتماعی است. پژوهش حاضر، با استفاده از مطالعه­ای توصیفی‌- تبیینی است و روش پيمايش در بین شهروندان بالای هجده سال ساکن شهرستان خرمشهر انجام شده است. حجم نمونه 380 نفر و ضریب تعیین (R2) به­دست­آمده در ارتباط با ناهنجاری برابر با 20/0 است. در بخش معادلات ساختاری، اثرات مستقیم و غیر مستقیم متغیرهای مستقل بر وابسته (برون‌زا بر درون‌زا) مسیر مدل نشان داد که میزان تأثیر کل متغیرهای احساس امنیت، احساس آنومی، احساس عدالت و اعتماد اجتماعی بر ناهنجاری به ترتیب 514/0، 275/0، 145/0 و 448/0 است که متغیر احساس امنیت، بیشترین اثر کل (مستقیم و غیرمستقیم) و متغیر احساس عدالت نیز کمترین اثر را بر ناهنجاری داشته است.</p>
<p> </p>http://risi.ihss.ac.ir/ar/Article/Download/47809مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریپژوهش انحرافات و مسائل اجتماعی3060-821X3920241231Strangers Before the Eyes of Loved Ones: A Sociological Study of Child Laborersغریبههایی پیش چشمان آشنایان (مطالعه جامعهشناختی کودکان کار)161192faمهنازپیروزیانکارشناسی ارشد جامعهشناسی، واحد تهران مرکز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6944-7279حمیدهدباغیاستادیار گروه مطالعات زنان، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهرانفرحترکماناستادیار گروه جامعهشناسی، واحد تهران مرکز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهرانhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6121-9036 2024513<p>Child labor refers to children under the age of 18 who engage in various forms of work, such as street vending, workshops, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, domestic services, and other exploitative activities, to contribute to their own or their families' livelihoods. The International Labor Organization (ILO) defines child labor as work that deprives children of their childhood, potential, and dignity (ILO, 2021). Such work is harmful to their physical, mental, social, and moral well-being, limiting their educational opportunities and often leading to early school dropout. Worldwide, child labor manifests in multiple forms, ranging from agriculture and construction to waste collection and begging. These activities are often the worst forms of child labor, subjecting children to exploitation, violence, and severe risks to their well-being (UNICEF/ILO, 2021). In Iran, although precise statistics on child labor are unavailable, estimates suggest approximately 70,000 children are engaged in labor, with 12,000 to 15,000 working in the streets (Mehr News Agency, 2022). However, the actual number could be 2.5 times higher. In Tehran, it is estimated that 30,000 children work on the streets, with 20,000 working in subway stations during the winter months and 1,870 at traffic intersections. A significant majority of these children are non-Iranian, primarily from Pakistan and Afghanistan, while Iranian children represent a smaller proportion of the street-working population.</p>
<p>Several factors contribute to the persistence of child labor, including economic, social, family, and biological-psychological factors. Economically, high unemployment, poverty, inequality, and limited job opportunities for adults push families into situations where children must work (Bhat, 2010). Socially, positive societal attitudes toward child labor, overpopulation, unplanned migration, and a lack of protective legislation perpetuate the problem (Afshani et al., 2013). Family dynamics, such as large family sizes, parental conflicts, addiction, or criminality, often push children into labor as a means of survival. Furthermore, biological and psychological factors such as identity crises, adolescent crises, and behavioral issues like running away from home or school contribute to children entering the workforce (Okyere, 2013).</p>
<p>This study seeks to explore the demographic and economic characteristics of working children in Tehran, the discrimination they face at the micro and macro levels, and how policy and social changes could help reduce these inequities. The research employs several sociological frameworks to understand the systemic issues surrounding child labor. According to functionalism, social inequalities arise from roles assigned by society, each serving specific economic and social functions (Giddens, 2006). Giddens emphasizes that power dynamics and unequal access to resources lead to discrimination and inequality. Bourdieu’s theory of cultural, economic, and social capital suggests that limited access to these forms of capital among child laborers perpetuates poverty cycles and inequality (Bourdieu, 1393). Elias highlights how power relations between stronger and weaker groups contribute to inequality, with dominant groups using resource control to maintain their power (Elias & Scotson, 1965). Finally, Lewis's "culture of poverty" concept suggests that poverty is perpetuated by behaviors and beliefs resulting from poor living conditions, such as distrust in institutions and the inability to plan for the future, behaviors that are often passed down across generations (Lewis, 1966). By understanding the multifaceted nature of child labor through these theoretical lenses, the study advocates for systemic changes in legal, economic, and social structures to address the root causes of child labor and improve the lives of working children.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Child labor, Culture of Poverty, Discrimination, Ineffective Laws, Inequality.</p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Methods</strong></p>
<p>This study employs a mixed-methods approach. In the first phase, a researcher-designed questionnaire with 115 questions was distributed to 128 child laborers. The questionnaire had a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.84, indicating its reliability. In the second phase, seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with social activists and experts, selected through purposive non-random sampling. The interview data were analyzed thematically, resulting in the identification of three main categories, eight subcategories, ten concepts, and 67 codes.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Findings</strong></p>
<p>The majority of child laborers were boys aged 10 to 14. Most had dropped out of school due to financial, educational, or familial pressures and were engaged in informal jobs such as street vending. They worked 10 to 15 hours daily and often faced violence within their families. Despite most parents being alive (76.6%), financial pressures forced the children to work (79.7%). Only 1.6% of these children lived in personal or family-owned homes; 67.2% lived in rented homes, 16.4% in donated or temporary housing, and others were homeless, living in parks, streets, or workplaces.</p>
<p>Over 88% of these children lacked insurance, and their access to education and healthcare services was severely limited. Regarding psychological security, 31.2% of the children rated their family environment as average, while 30.5% rated it as poor. Furthermore, 65.5% reported experiencing mistreatment at home, primarily from siblings (32.9%), while 49.3% faced physical abuse and 42.3% suffered psychological abuse.</p>
<p>Three main themes emerged from the qualitative data:</p>
<p>Child labor as a hidden and neglected phenomenon: This theme includes the lack of accurate data and a comprehensive understanding of child labor, which makes effective policymaking and planning difficult.</p>
<p>Institutionalized discrimination against child laborers: Subcategories include inadequate laws, the perpetuation of discrimination, and discriminatory practices, all of which marginalize these children and limit their access to education and healthcare.</p>
<p>Eliminating child labor: This theme includes subcategories such as strategic planning, legal reforms, and multi-level policies addressing social, economic, and cultural dimensions, aimed at ensuring improved services and resources for children.</p>
<p>Discussion and Conclusion</p>
<p>The discrimination faced by child laborers is the result of a complex interplay of institutional, legislative, social, economic, and cultural factors. Effectively addressing these challenges requires comprehensive legal reforms, multi-level policymaking, and an emphasis on structural and cultural foundations to ensure the successful implementation of policies. To address the issue of child labor, it is imperative to reform and update existing laws with enforceable guarantees. Strengthening multi-level policies that tackle the intersection of economic, social, cultural, and political factors is also crucial. Moreover, expanding educational and cultural programs to raise awareness of children’s rights and promote social justice is essential. Enhancing economic conditions and ensuring a more equitable distribution of resources will help mitigate class disparities. Lastly, developing robust legal frameworks is vital to ensure that working children have access to fair and accessible judicial systems.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>References</strong></p>
<p>Afshani, S., Askari-Nodoushan, A., Heydari, M., & Noorian Najafabadi, M. (2013) An Analysis of the Street-Children Phenomenon in the City of Isfahan. Journal of Applied Sociology, 23(4), 85-102. ]Persian [</p>
<p>Barrech, S., Din, M., & Allauddin, A. (2019) Sociological Analysis of Domestic Child Labor. Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies, 19(1), 149-162.</p>
<p>Bhat, B. A. (2010) Gender, education and child labour: A sociological perspective. Educational Research and Reviews, 5(6), 323.</p>
<p>Bourdieu, P. (2013) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (H. Chavoshian, Trans.). Tehran: Sales Publication. (Original work published 1979).</p>
<p>Elias, N., & Scotson, J. (1965) The Established and the Outsiders. Social Enquiry into Community Problems. Londres, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi, Sage Publications, 1994, 23-29.</p>
<p>Giddens, A. (2006) Sociology (H. Chavoshian, Trans.). Tehran: Nei Publication. (Original work published 1989).</p>
<p>International Labour Organization (ILO) (2021) Child Labour: Global Estimates 2020, Trends and the Road Forward. Retrieved from <a href="https://data.unicef.org/resources/child-labour-2020-global-estimates-trends-and-the-road-forward/">https://data.unicef.org/resources/child-labour-2020-global-estimates-trends-and-the-road-forward/</a></p>
<p>Lewis, O. (1966) The Culture of Poverty: Scientific American (215).</p>
<p>Mehr News Agency (2022) Child Labor in Iran: A Growing Concern. Retrieved from <a href="https://www.mehrnews.com">https://www.mehrnews.com</a> ]Persian [</p>
<p>Okyere, S. (2013) Are working children’s rights and child labour abolition complementary or opposing realms?. International Social Work, 56(1), 80-91.</p>
<p>UNICEF/ILO Joint Publication (2021) Child Labour: Global Estimates 2020, Trends and the Road Forward. UNICEF & ILO.</p>
<p> </p><h5>در ایران، هفتاد هزار نفر کودک کار و در شهر تهران، دوازده هزار نفر مشغول به کارند و انواع تبعیض­ها را تجربه می‌کنند. هدف از نگارش این مقاله، بررسی وضعیت کودکان کار و چرایی شکل‌گیری پدیده کودک کار است. بنابراین مبتنی بر طرح تحقیق تلفیقی و در قالب دو بخش مطالعاتی کمّی و کیفی، ابتدا مبتنی بر روش پیمایش، 128 پرسشنامه 115 سؤالی تهیه شد که کودکان کاری که با نمونه‌گیری غیر تصادفی و هدفمند انتخاب شدند، آن را تکمیل کردند. سپس در بخش دوم با انجام هفت مصاحبه عمیق و نیمه‌ساختمند با فعالان و نخبگان اجتماعی و تحلیل تماتیک مصاحبه‌های آنها، تلاش شد تا یافته‌ها تفسیر شود. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که بیشترین کودکان کار، پسر هستند و در سنین 10-14 سال قرار دارند. اکثر آنها بی‌سوادند یا برای کمک به خانواده، به‌اجبار خانواده و نیاز مالی، ترک تحصیل‌ کرده، کار می‌کنند. هرچند والدین اکثر آنها در قید حیات هستند، آنها بین ده تا پانزده ساعت در روز کار می‌کنند و بیشتر به دست‌فروشی مشغولند. یافته‌های بخش دوم تحقیق، بیانگر استخراج سه مقوله اصلی، هشت مقوله فرعی، ده مفهوم و 67 کد بود. مهم‌ترین یافته‌های کیفی در این مقاله نشان می‌دهد که پدیده کودک کار به‌مثابه پدیده پنهان و مغفول است که داده‌ها و اطلاعات معتبری درباره آن وجود ندارد و در فرهنگ جامعه تبعیضی چندلایه و متکثر، نهادینه‌ شده و در قالب باورهای فرهنگی بازتولید می‌شود.</h5>
<h5> </h5>http://risi.ihss.ac.ir/ar/Article/Download/46669